ary with Chile was greatly
modified by the results of the war of 1879-83, as determined by the
treaties of 1884, 1886 and 1895, Bolivia losing her department of the
littoral on the Pacific and all access to the coast except by the grace
of the conqueror. Provisions were made in 1895 for the cession of the
port of Mejillones del Norte and a right of way across the province of
Tarapaca, but Peru protested, and negotiations followed for the cession
of Cobija, in the province of Antofagasta. These negotiations proved
fruitless, and in 1904 Bolivia accepted a pecuniary indemnity in lieu of
territory. The new boundary line starts from the summit of the Sapaleri
(or Zapalegui), where the Argentine, Bolivian and Chilean boundaries
converge, and runs west to Licancaur, thence north to the most southern
source of Lake Ascotan which it follows to and across this lake in the
direction of the Oyahua volcano, and thence in a straight line to the
Tua volcano, on the frontier of the province of Tarapaca. From this
point the line follows the summits of the Cordillera Silillica north to
the Cerro Paquiza, on the Tacna frontier, and to the Nevado Pomarape,
near the frontier of Peru. Thence it continues north to an intersection
with the Desaguadero, in about 16 deg. 45' S. lat., follows that river
to the Winamarca lagoon and Lake Titicaca, and crosses the latter
diagonally to Huaicho on the north shore. From this point the line
crosses the Cordillera Real through the valley of the San Juan del Oro
to Suches Lake, follows the Cololo and Apolobamba ranges to the
headwaters of the Sina river, and thence down that stream to the
Inambari. Thence the line either follows the latter to its confluence
with the Madre de Dios, or the water-parting between that river and the
Tambopata or Pando, to the valley of the Madre de Dios, from which point
it runs due north to 12 deg. 40' S. lat., and north-west to the new
Brazilian frontier. The N.W. angle on the map represents the Bolivian
claim until the settlement of 1909, which gave the territory to Peru.

[Illustration: Map of Bolivia]

_Physiography._--Roughly calculated, two-fifths of the total area of
Bolivia is comprised within the Andean cordilleras which cross its
south-west corner and project east toward the Brazilian highlands in the
form of a great obtuse angle. The Cordilleras, divided into two great
parallel chains, with flanking ranges and spurs to the east, reach their
greatest breadth at th