on in the Bolivian Andes_ (London, 1903); M. Dalence,
_Bosquejo estadistico de Bolivia_ (Chuquisaca, 1878); J.L. Moreno,
_Nociones de geografia de Bolivia_ (Sucre, 1889); Edward D. Mathews,
_Up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers, through Bolivia and Peru_ (London,
1879); Carlos Matzenauer, _Bolivia in historischer, geographischer und
cultureller Hinsicht_ (Vienna, 1897); M.F. Soldan, _Narracion de
Guerra de Chile contra Peru y Bolivia_ (La Paz, 1884); C.M. Pepper,
_Panama to Patagonia_ (Chicago, 1906); A. Petrocokino, _Along the
Andes, in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador_ (London, 1903); Comte C.
d'Ursel, _Sud Amerique: Sejours et voyages au Bresil, en Bolivie, &c._
(Paris, 1879); Charles Wiener, _Perou et Bolivie_ (Paris, 1880);
_Bolivia, Geographical Sketch, Natural Resources, &c._, Intern. Bur.
of the American Republics (Washington, 1904); _Boletin de la Oficina
Nacional de Inmigracion, Estadistica y Propaganda Geografica_ (La
Paz); _Sinopsis estadistica y geografica de la Republica de Bolivia_
(3 vols., La Paz, 1902-1904); G. de Crequi-Montfort, "Exploration en
Bolivie," in _La Geographie_, ix. pp. 79-86 (Paris, 1904); M.
Neveau-Lemaire, "Le Titicaca et le Poopo," &c., in _La Geographie_,
ix. pp. 409-430 (Paris, 1904); _British Foreign Office Diplomatic and
Consular Reports_ (London); _United States Consular Reports_;
Stanford's _Compendium of Geography and Travel_, vol. i., _South and
Central America_ (London, 1904). For Geology see A. d'Orbigny, _Voyage
dans l'Amerique meridionale_, vol. iii. pt. iii. (Paris, 1842); D.
Forbes, "On the Geology of Bolivia and Peru," _Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc._ vol. xvii. (London, 1861), pp. 7-62, pls. i.-iii.; A. Ulrich,
"Palaeozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien," _Neues Jahrb. f. Min._
Band viii. (1893), pp. 5-116, pls. i.-v.; G. Steinmann, &c., "Geologie
des sudostlichen Boliviens," _Centralb. f. Min., Jahrg._ (1904), pp.
1-4. (A. J. L.)

HISTORY

The country now forming the republic of Bolivia, named after the great
liberator Simon Bolivar (q.v.), was in early days simply a portion of
the empire of the Incas of Peru (q.v.). After the conquest of Peru by
the Spaniards in the 16th century the natives were subjected to much
tyranny and oppression, though it must in fairness be said that much of
it was carried out in defiance of the efforts and the wishes of the
Spanish home government, whose legislative efforts to protect the
Ind