minion of the papacy. Shortly after this, in 1564, Tasso was
a student there, and was tried for writing a satirical poem. One of the
most famous professors was Marcello Malpighi, a great anatomist of the
17th century. The building has served as the communal library since
1838. Its courtyard contains the arms of those students who were elected
as representatives of their respective nations or faculties. The
university has since 1803 been established in the (16th century) Palazzo
Poggi. Between 1815 and 1848 the number of students sank to about a
hundred in some years, chiefly owing to the political persecutions of
the government: in 1859 the number had risen to 355. It now possesses
four faculties and is attended by some 1700 students. Among its
professors women have more than once been numbered.

The Museo Civico is one of the most important museums in Italy,
containing especially fine collections of antiquities from Bologna and
its neighbourhood. The picture gallery is equally important in its way,
affording a survey both of the earlier Bolognese paintings and of the
works of the Bolognese eclectics of the 16th and 17th centuries, the
Caracci, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Guercino, &c. The primitive masters
are not of great excellence, but the works of the masters of the 15th
century, especially those of Francesco Francia (1450-1517) and Lorenzo
Costa of Ferrara (1460-1535), are of considerable merit. The great
treasure of the collection is, however, Raphael's S. Cecilia, painted
for the church of S. Giovanni in Monte, about 1515.

The two leaning towers, the Torre Asinelli and the Torre Garisenda,
dating from 1109 and 1110 respectively, are among the most remarkable
structures in Bologna: they are square brick towers, the former being
320 ft. in height and 4 ft. out of the perpendicular, the latter
(unfinished) 163 ft. high and 10 ft. out of the perpendicular. The town
contains many fine private palaces, dating from the 13th century
onwards. The streets are as a rule arcaded, and this characteristic has
been preserved in modern additions, which have on the whole been made
with considerable taste, as have also the numerous restorations of
medieval buildings. A fine view may be had from the Madonna di S. Luca,
on the south-west of the town (938 ft.).

Among the specialities of Bologna may be noted the _salami_ or
_mortadella_ (Bologna sausage), _tortellini_ (a kind of macaroni) and
liqueurs.

Bologna is an important rai