as chiefly
maintained at sea between Chile and Peru, Bolivia taking little or no
part in the struggle. In January of 1881 were fought the battles of
Chorillos and Miraflores, attended by heavy slaughter and savage
excesses on the part of the Chilean troops. They were followed almost
immediately by the surrender of Lima and Callao, which left the Chileans
practically masters of Peru. In the interior, however, where the
Peruvian admiral Montero had formed a provisional government, the war
still lingered, and in September 1882 a conference took place between
the latter and President Campero, at which it was decided that they
should hold out for better terms. But the Peruvians wearied of the
useless struggle. On the 20th of October 1883 they concluded a treaty of
peace with Chile; the troops at Arequipa, under Admiral Montero,
surrendered that town, and Montero himself, coldly received in Bolivia,
whither he had fled for refuge, withdrew from the country to Europe. On
the 9th of November the Chilean army of occupation was concentrated at
Arequipa, while what remained of the Bolivian army lay at Oruro.
Negotiations were opened, and on 11th December a peace was signed
between Chile and Bolivia. By this treaty Bolivia ceded to Chile the
whole of its sea-coast, including the port of Cobija.

On the 18th of May 1895 a treaty was signed at Santiago between Chile
and Bolivia, "with a view to strengthening the bonds of friendship which
unite the two countries," and, "in accord with the higher necessity that
the future development and commercial prosperity of Bolivia require her
free access to the sea." By this treaty Chile declared that if, in
consequence of the plebiscite (to take place under the treaty of Ancon
with Peru), or by virtue of direct arrangement, she should "acquire
dominion and permanent sovereignty over the territories of Tacna and
Arica, she undertakes to transfer them to Bolivia in the same form and
to the same extent as she may acquire them"; the republic of Bolivia
paying as an indemnity for that transfer $5,000,000 silver. If this
cession should be effected, Chile should advance her own frontier north
of Camerones to Vitor, from the sea up to the frontier which actually
separates that district from Bolivia. Chile also pledged herself to use
her utmost endeavour, either separately or jointly with Bolivia, to
obtain possession of Tacna and Arica. If she failed, she bound herself
to cede to Bolivia the roadstead (