sil representatives of living genera, or extinct
genera nearly related to groups still existing, would here be
impracticable. It may be stated, however, that aberrant groups like
the otters are linked up with more normal types by means of extinct
forms (in this particular instance by the Miocene _Potamotherium_), so
that the gaps in the phylogeny of the Carnivora are comparatively few.

LITERATURE.--The above article is based on that by Sir W.H. Flower in
the 9th edition of this Encyclopaedia. The principal works on
Carnivora are the following: W.H. Flower, "On the Value of the Base of
the Cranium in the Classification of the Carnivora," _Proc. Zool. Soc.
London_, 1869; T.H. Huxley, "Cranial and Dental Characters of the
Canidae," _Proc. Zool. Soc. London_, 1880; St G. Mivart, "On the
Classification and Distribution of the Aeluroidea ... and Arctoidea",
_Proc. Zool. Soc. London_, 1882 and 1885; E.R. Lankester, "On the
Affinities of Aeluropus," _Trans. Linn. Soc. London_, vol. viii. part
iv., 1901; Miss A. Carlsson, "Uber die systematische Stellung von
Nandinia," _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._, vol. xiii., 1900, and "Ist Otocyon
die Ausgangsform des Hundegeschlechts oder nicht?" op. cit. vol.
xxii., 1905; J.L. Wortman and W.D. Matthew, "The Ancestry of Certain
Members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae," _Bull. Amer.
Mus._, vol. xii., 1899. (R. L.*)

CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLYTE (1801-1888), French statesman, the second son
of L.N.M. Carnot (q.v.), was born at Saint-Omer on the 6th of October
1801. Hippolyte Carnot lived at first in exile with his father,
returning to France only in 1823. Unable then to enter active political
life, he turned to literature and philosophy, publishing in 1828 a
collection of _Chants helleniques_ translated from the German of W.
Muller, and in 1830 an _Expose de la doctrine Saint-Simonienne_, and
collaborating in the Saint-Simonian journal _Le Producteur._ He also
paid several visits to England and travelled in other countries of
Europe. In March 1839, after the dissolution of the chamber by Louis
Philippe, he was elected deputy for Paris (re-elected in 1842 and in
1846), and sat in the group of the Radical Left, being one of the
leaders of the party hostile to Louis Philippe. On the 24th of February
1848 he pronounced in favour of the republic. Lamartine chose him as
minister of education in the provisional government, Carnot set to work
to organ