on the inside. These common studs are the full height from
sill to roof plate, and the second tier of floor joists are supported by
notching a 1-1/4 in. X 7 in. board, called a false girt or ribbon, into
their inside edge at the height to receive the floor joists. The ends of
the joists are also placed against a stud and spiked. The tops of the
studs are cut to a line, and a 2 in. X 4 in. plate is spiked on top, an
additional 2 in. X 4 in. plate being placed on the top of the last
breaking joint. Should the studs not be long enough to reach the plate,
then short pieces are fished on with pieces of wood spiked on both
sides. The diagram shows a portion of the framework of a two-storey
house constructed in the manner described. In the balloon frame the
timbers are held together entirely by nails and spikes, thus permitting
them to be put up rapidly. The studs are doubled where windows or
openings occur. In both these methods dwarf brick foundations should be
built, upon which to rest the sill. For buildings of a superior kind a
combination of the braced and balloon frames is sometimes adopted.

[Illustration: FIG. 35.--Braced Frame.]

[Illustration: FIG. 36.--Balloon Frame.]

The sides of frame buildings are covered with siding, which is fastened
to a sheathing of rough boards nailed to the studs. The siding may
consist of matched boards placed diagonally, or of clapboards or weather
boards--which are thin boards thicker at one edge than the other, and
arranged horizontally with the thick edge downwards and overlapping the
thin edge of the board below. Shingles or wooden tiles are also
employed.

AUTHORITIES.--The following are the principal publications on
carpentry: T. Tredgold, _Carpentry_; Peter Nicholson, _Carpenter and
Joiner_; J. Newlands, _Carpenter's Assistant_; J. Gwilt,
_Encyclopaedia of Architecture_; Rivington, _Building Construction_
(elementary and advanced); E.L. Tarbuck, _Encyclopaedia of Practical
Carpentry and Joinery_; A.W. Pugin, _Details of Ancient Timber
Houses_; Beresford Pite, _Building Construction_; J.P. Allen,
_Building Construction_; H. Adams. _Notes on Building_; C.F. Mitchell,
_Building Construction_ (elementary and advanced); Burrell, _Building
Construction_; F.E. Kidder, _Building Construction_ (U.S.A.); E.E.
Viollet le Duc, _Dictionnaire_; J.K. Krafft, _L'Art de la charpente_.
(J. Bt.)

CARPET, the name given to any kind of textile covering for the