year, the Romans,
although aided by the forces of the Aetolian Confederacy, Pergamon, Rhodes
and Athens, were unable to inflict any decisive defeat upon Philip or to
invade his kingdom.

However, with the arrival of the consul of 198, Titus Flamininus, the
situation speedily changed. The Achaean Confederacy was won over to the
side of Rome, and Flamininus succeeded in forcing Philip to evacuate his
position in Epirus and to withdraw into Thessaly. In the following winter
negotiations for peace were opened, but these led to nothing, for the
Romans demanded the evacuation of Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias, three
fortresses known as "the fetters of Greece," and Philip refused to make
this concession.

*Cynoscephalae: 197 B. C.* The next year military operations were resumed
with both armies in Thessaly. Early in the summer a battle was fought on a
ridge of hills called Cynoscephalae (the Dog's Heads) where the Romans won
a complete victory. Although the Aetolians tendered valuable assistance in
this engagement, the Macedonian defeat was due to the superior flexibility
of the Roman legionary formation over the phalanx. Philip fled to
Macedonia and sued for peace. The Aetolians and his enemies in Greece
sought his utter destruction, but Flamininus realized the importance of
Macedonia to the Greek world as a bulwark against the Celtic peoples of
the lower Danube and would not support their demands. The terms fixed by
the Roman Senate were: the autonomy of the Hellenes, the evacuation of the
Macedonian possessions in Greece, in the Aegean, and in Illyricum, and an
indemnity of 1000 talents ($1,200,000). The conditions Philip was obliged
to accept (196 B. C.).

*The proclamation of Flamininus: 196 B. C.* At the Isthmian games of the
same year Flamininus proclaimed the complete autonomy of the peoples who
had been subject to Macedonia. The announcement provoked a tremendous
outburst of enthusiasm. After spending some time in carrying this
proclamation into effect and in settling the claims of various states,
Flamininus returned to Italy in 194, leaving the Greeks to make what use
they could of their freedom.

II. THE WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT AND THE AETOLIANS: 192-189 B. C.

*Antiochus in Asia Minor and Thrace.* Even before Flamininus and his army
had withdrawn from Greece the activities of Antiochus had awakened the
mistrust of the Roman Senate and threatened to lead to hostilities. The
Syrian king had complete