e islands. These demonstrations made plausible
the Teutonic assertion that the concentration of troops was being
carried out with a view to an invasion of Serbia. So successful
was the ruse, and so well had the secret been kept that on February
1, 1914, a Petrograd "official" gravely announced to an eagerly
listening world: "The statement is confirmed that the new Austro-German
southern army, intended for the third invasion of Serbia, consists
of six Austrian and two German corps or 400,000 men, under the
command of the Archduke Eugene(!)" At the very time this appeared
the new Austro-German "southern" army had been already, for quite a
week, making its presence severely felt in the eastern and central
sections of the Carpathians, and still the Russian authorities
had not recognized the identity of the forces operating there.

A brief description of the battle ground will enable the reader
to follow more easily the course of the struggle. Imagine that
length of the Carpathian chain which forms the boundary between
Galicia and Hungary as a huge, elongated arch of, roughly, 300
miles. (The whole of the range stretches as a continuous rampart
for a distance of 900 miles, completely shutting in Hungary from
the northwest to the east and south, separating it from Moravia
[Maehren], Galicia, the Bukowina, and Rumania.) Through the curve
of this arch run a number of passes. Beginning as far west as is
here necessary, the names of the chief passes eastward leading from
Hungary are: into Galicia--Beskid, Tarnow, Tilicz, Dukla, Lupkow,
Rostoki, Uzsok, Vereczke (or Tucholka), Beskid[*] (or Volocz),
Wyszkow, Jablonitza (or Delatyn); into the Bukowina--Strol, Kirlibaba,
Rodna; into Rumania--Borgo. In parts the range is 100 miles in
width, and from under 2,000 to 8,000 feet high. The western and
central Carpathians are much more accessible than the eastern,
and therefore comprise the main and easiest routes across. The
Hun and Tartar invasions flooded Europe centuries ago by this way,
and the Delatyn is still called the "Magyar route." The passes vary
in height from under a thousand to over four thousand feet. The
Dukla and Uzsok passes were to be the main objective, as through
them lay the straightest roads to Lemberg and Przemysl. The former
is crossed by railway from Tokay to Przemysl, and the latter by rail
and road from Ungvar to Sambor. A railroad also runs through the
Vereczke from Munkacs to Lemberg, and another through Dela