d singe 1864, when the first Conservator was appointed. In
1911-12 it managed 8359 square miles in the Panjab consisting of:

Reserved Forests 1844 square miles
Protected " 5203 " "
Unclassed " 1312 " "

It was also in charge of 235 square miles of reserved forest in the
Hazara district of the N.W.F. Province, and of 364 miles of fine
mountain forest in the native State of Bashahr. In addition a few
reserved forests have been made over as grazing areas to the Military
Department, and Deputy Commissioners are in charge of a very large area
of unclassed forest.

No forest can be declared "reserved" or "protected" unless it is owned
in whole or in part by the State. It is enough if the trees or some of
them are the property of the Government. In order to safeguard all
private rights a special forest settlement must be made before a forest
can be declared to be "reserved." In the case of a protected forest it
is enough if Government is satisfied that the rights of the State and of
private persons have been recorded at a land revenue settlement. After
deducting income belonging to the year 1909-10 realized in 1910-11, the
average income of the two years ending 1911-12 was L81,805 (Rs.
1,227,082) and the average expenditure L50,954 (Rs. 764,309).

~Sources of Income.~--In the mountain forests the chief source of income
is the _deodar_, which is valuable both for railway sleepers and as
building timber. The blue pine is also of commercial value. _Deodar_,
blue pine, and some _chir_ are floated down the rivers to depots in the
plains. Firwood is inferior to cedar and pine, and the great fir forests
are too remote for profitable working at present. There are fine
mountain forests in Chitral, on the Safed Koh, and in Western
Waziristan, but these have so far not even been fully explored. The
value of the hill forests may be increased by the success which has
attended the experimental extraction of turpentine from the resin of the
_chir_ pine. The bamboo forests of Kangra are profitable. At present an
attempt is being made to acclimatize several species of Eucalyptus in
the low hills. The scrub _jangal_ in the plains yields good fuel. As the
area is constantly shrinking it is fortunate that the railways have
ceased to depend on this source of supply, coal having to a great extent
taken the place of wood. To prevent shortage of fuel considerable areas
in the tracts commanded by the new canals are