ttheilungen der Deutschen
Gesellschaft_, etc., Heft i., p. 19.

191 See Dening's _Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi_, p. 377.

192 This covenant is said to have been signed with blood in accordance
with a custom still occasionally prevalent, in which a drop of blood
is drawn from the middle finger and sealed by pressing it with the
thumb nail. Rein's _Japan_, p. 297, note.

193 See Dening's _Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi_, p. 397.

194 This place receives its name from a barrier that was erected in the
ninth century to control the travel towards the capital. Its meaning
is, "Plain of the Barrier." See Chamberlain's _Handbook_, p. 268.

195 See Dening's _Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi_, p. 399.

196 This proverb is quoted as having been used by Hideyoshi when
remonstrating with Nobunaga about following up his victory over
Imagawa Yoshimoto. See Dening's _Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi_, p.
156.

197 Kiyomasa was a bitter enemy of the Christians, owing no doubt to the
rivalry and antagonism which had sprung up with Konishi, who was a
Christian, in the Korean war. He is termed Toronosqui by the Jesuit
fathers from a personal name Toronosuke which he bore in his youth,
and he is characterized as "_vir ter execrandus_," on account of his
persecution of the Christians in his province. Perhaps on account of
this fierce opposition he was greatly admired by the Buddhists, and
is worshipped under the name of Seishoko by the Nichiren sect at a
shrine in the temple of Hommonji at Ikegami. Another monument to his
memory is the Castle of Kumamoto, which he built and which still
stands as one of the best existing specimens of the feudal castles
of Japan. As an evidence of its substantial character, in A.D. 1877,
under the command of General Tani, it withstood the siege of the
Satsuma rebels and gave the government time to bring troops to crush
the rebellion.

198 The plural of this word is here and elsewhere used in its English
form, although no such plural is found in Japanese.

_ 199 Ancien Japon_, par G. Appert, Tokyo, 1888, vol. ii.

200 A full account of the Castle of Yedo will be found in a paper by Mr.
J. R. H. McClatchie in the _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi.,
part 1, p. 119.

201 See p. 207.

_ 202 Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p. 124.