giving us translations
of letters written by Koeckebacker, the head of the Dutch factory
during the events, which show us how this insurrection was regarded
by the Dutch East India Company.

217 A _ronin_ was a retainer who had given up the service of his feudal
master, and for the time being was his own master.

218 See Dr. Geerts' paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p.
75.

219 The ships in use at this time among the Japanese were far less
seaworthy than those of European nations. The accompanying figures
given by Charlevoix, although probably somewhat fanciful, show the
impractical character of the vessels of that time.

220 See Dr. Geerts' paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p.
111.

221 Mr. Koeckebacker says: "The rebels counted in all, young and old, as
it was said, about forty thousand. They were all killed except one
of the four principal leaders, being an artist who formerly used to
gain his livelihood by making idols. This man was kept alive and
sent to Yedo."--Dr. Geerts' paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_,
vol. xi., part 1, p. 107.

There is a tradition that a number of the prisoners who were
captured at this castle were hurled down from the rocks of the
island now called Papenberg in Nagasaki harbor. But Dr. Geerts
ridicules this notion and says: "A little local knowledge would show
it to be impossible to throw people from the rocks on Papenberg into
the sea, as the rocks are by no means steep bluffs, but possess an
inclined shape and a shore. A little knowledge of the Dutch language
would further show that the name Papenberg means 'mountain of the
priest,' in allusion to the shape of a Roman Catholic priest's cap
or bonnet."--_Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., part 1, p.
115.

222 See Dr. Geerts' paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi.,
part 1, pp. 110 and 111.

223 A Japanese writer thus sums up the result of the effort to introduce
Christianity into his country: "After nearly a hundred years of
Christianity and foreign intercourse, the only apparent results of
this contact with another religion and civilization were the
adoption of gunpowder and firearms as weapons, the use of tobacco
and the habit of smoking, the making of sponge-cake, the
natural