ization into the language of a few foreign words, and the
introduction of new and strange forms of disease."--Shigetaka Shiga's
_History of Nations_, Tokyo, 1888. The words introduced into the
language from the Portuguese, except several derived from
Christianity, are as follows: _tabako_, tobacco; _pan_ (_pao_),
bread; _kasutera_ (from Castilla), sponge-cake; _tanto_, much;
_kappa_ (_capa_), a waterproof; _kappu_ (_copa_), a cup or wine
glass; _birodo_ (_vellendo_), velvet; _biidoro_ (_vidro_),
glass.--Rein's _Japan_, p. 312.

224 See Mr. Satow's contributions to the discussion of Mr. Gubbins'
paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 61; also
Satow and Hawes' _Handbook_, p. 22; also Griffis' _Mikado's Empire_,
p. 262; and Professor Dixon's paper on the Christian Valley,
_Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xvi., p. 207.

225 See Chamberlain's _Things Japanese_, 1892, p. 300.

226 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xv.

227 The _Confucian_ classics consist of the Four Books, viz.: _The Great
Learning_, _The Doctrine of the Mean_, _The Confucian Analects_, and
_The Sayings of Mencius_; and the Five Canons, viz.: _The Book of
Changes_, _The Book of Poetry_, _The Book of History_, _The Canon of
Rites_, and _Spring and Autumn_ (_Annals of the State of Lu_, by
Confucius). Chamberlain's _Things Japanese_, 1892, p. 92.

228 An accurate and amusing account of the printing of a modern
newspaper in Japan is given in Mr. Henry Norman's _Real Japan_, p,
43 _et seq._

229 For a history of the city of Yedo, and reference to the disasters to
which it has been subject from fires, earthquakes, and pestilences,
see Satow and Hawes' _Handbook_, p. 6. See also "The Castle of
Yedo," by T. R. H. McClatchie, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol.
vi., part 1, and "The Feudal Mansions of Yedo," _Asiatic Society
Transactions_, vol. vii., part 3.

230 See Dickson's _Japan_, p. 294.

231 Those who desire a fuller explanation of this complicated and
difficult matter are referred to Dr. Yoshida's _Staatsverfassung und
Lehnwesen von Japan_, Hague, 1890, and to the paper on "The Feudal
System in Japan," by J. H. Gubbins, Esq., _Asiatic Society
Transactions_, vol. xv., part 2; also to the introduction by
Professor Wigmore, _do._, vol. xx., Supple