se of self-restraint.
For the removal of unwise laws from the statute books appeal lies not to
the courts but to the ballot and to the processes of democratic
government." Ibid. 78-79.

[283] United States _v._ Congress of Industrial Organizations, 335 U.S.
106 (1948); Miller _v._ United States, 11 Wall. 268 (1871).

[284] _See_, for example, Michaelson _v._ United States, 266 U.S. 42
(1924), where the Court narrowly construed those sections of the Clayton
Act regulating the power of courts to punish contempt in order to avoid
constitutional difficulties. _See also_ United States _v._ Delaware &
H.R. Co., 213 U.S. 366 (1909), where the Hepburn Act was narrowly
construed. Judicial disallowance in the guise of statutory
interpretation was foreseen by Hamilton, _see_ Federalist No. 81.

[285] Pollock _v._ Farmers' L. & T. Co., 158 U.S. 429, 601, 635 (1895).

[286] In the first Guffey-Snyder (Bituminous Coal) Act of 1935 (49 Stat.
991), there was a section providing for separability of provisions, but
the Court none the less held the price-fixing provisions inseparable
from the labor provisions which it found void and thereby invalidated
the whole statute. Carter _v._ Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 312-316
(1936). On this point _see also_ the dissent of Chief Justice Hughes.
Ibid. 321-324.

[287] 157 U.S. 429, 574-579 (1895).

[288] Justice Brandeis dissenting in Burnet _v._ Coronado Oil & Gas Co.,
285 U.S. 393, 405-411 (1932) states the rules governing the binding
force of precedents and collects the decisions overruling earlier
decisions to 1932. In Helvering _v._ Griffiths, 318 U.S. 371, 401
(1948), Justice Jackson lists other cases overruled between 1932 and
1943. _Cf._ Smith _v._ Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944) for similar list.

[289] 321 U.S. 649, 665 (1944).

[290] 295 U.S. 45 (1935).

[291] 321 U.S. 649, 669. Justice Roberts in a dissent, in which Justice
Frankfurter joined, also protested against overruling "earlier
considered opinions" in Mahnich _v._ Southern S.S. Co., 321 U.S. 96,
112-113 (1944). More recently in United States _v._ Rabinowitz, 339 U.S.
56 (1950), Justice Frankfurter has protested in a dissent against
reversals of earlier decisions immediately following changes of the
court's membership. "Especially ought the Court not reenforce needlessly
the instabilities of our day by giving fair ground for the belief that
Law is the expression of chance--for instance, of unexpected changes in
the C