, 18 How. 76 (1855).

[523] Shelton _v._ Tiffin, 6 How. 163 (1848).

[524] 5 Cr. 61, 86 (1809).

[525] 14 Pet. 60 (1840).

[526] Strawbridge _v._ Curtiss, 3 Cr. 267 (1806). The Slocomb Case had
to be dismissed because two members of the defendant corporation were
citizens of the same State as the plaintiffs.

[527] 2 How. 497 (1844).

[528] Ibid. 558.

[529] Muller _v._ Dows, 94 U.S. 444, 445 (1877). This fiction had its
beginning in Marshall _v._ Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 16 How. 314, 329
(1854) and attained final approval in St. Louis & S.F. Ry. Co. _v._
James, 161 U.S. 545, 554 (1896).

[530] John Chipman Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law, 2d ed. (New
York, 1927), 34.

[531] Dodge _v._ Woolsey, 18 How. 331 (1856); Mechanics' & Traders' Bank
_v._ Debolt, 18 How. 380 (1856).

[532] Gray, _op. cit._, 185-186. Although Justice Wayne criticized the
Strawbridge Case as going too far, later developments in determining the
citizenship of corporations, have enabled the Court to restore it to its
original status. Consequently the rule still requires that to maintain a
diversity proceeding all the parties on one side must be citizens of
different States from all the parties on the other side. Treinies _v._
Sunshine Mining Co., 308 U.S. 66 (1939); City of Indianapolis _v._ Chase
National Bank, 314 U.S. 63 (1941).

[533] _See_ Southern Realty Co. _v._ Walker, 211 U.S. 603 (1909), where
two Georgians who conducted all of that business in Georgia created a
sham corporation in South Dakota for the sole purpose of bringing suits
in the federal courts which ordinarily would have been brought in the
Georgia courts. Diversity jurisdiction was held not to exist because of
collusion.

[534] Black and White Taxicab & T. Co. _v._ Brown & Yellow Taxicab & T.
Co., 276 _v._ U.S. 518 (1928).

[535] 16 Pet. 1 (1842).

[536] 16 Pet. 1.

[537] Ibid. 19. Justice Story concluded this portion of the opinion as
follows: "The law respecting negotiable instruments may be truly
declared in the language of Cicero, adopted by Lord Mansfield in Luke
_v._ Lyde, 2 Burr. 883, 887, to be in great measure, not the law of a
single country only, but of the commercial world. _Non erit alia lex
Romae, alia Athenis; alia nunc, alia posthac, sed et apud omenes gentes,
et omni tempore una eademque lex obtinebit._" Ibid. 9.

[538] _See_ Simeon E. Baldwin, The American Judiciary (New York, 1920),
169-170. _See also_ Justice Catron's statement i