forced by Gentiles to cultivate the
ground, they changed to call them traders on the Sabbatical year." R.
Judah said, "it is only when they have no other occupation but this one
alone: but if they have another occupation, they are allowed."

4. And these are related, his father and his brother, and the brethren of
his father, and the brethren of his mother, and the husband of his sister,
and the husband of his father's sister, and the husband of his mother's
sister. And the husband of his mother and his father-in-law, and his
brother-in-law, they, their children, and their sons-in-law, and his
step-son alone. R. Jose said, "this was the teaching of R. Akiba; but the
first teaching was, his uncle and the son of his uncle, and all suitable
for inheritance, and everyone related to him at the present time." "One
was related and became estranged?" "He is lawful." R. Judah said, "even if
his daughter died, and he has children left by her, they are related."

5. "Who is a friend? and who is an enemy?" "A friend is the bridegroom's
best man, an enemy is everyone who has not spoken with him three days in
malice." The Sages replied to him, "Israelites are not so suspicious."

6. "How are witnesses examined?" "They are brought in and intimidated; and
all other men are driven out." And the chief of the witnesses is left, and
they say to him, "tell us how do you know that this man is indebted to
that man?" If the witness said, "he told me that I am indebted to
him"--"such a man told me that he is indebted to him"--he has said nothing,
till he shall say, "he acknowledged in our presence that he owed him 200
zuz." And afterward the second witness is brought in, and examined. If
their statements were found agreeing, the judges held a conversation. Two
of them said "he is clear," and one said "he is indebted"? "He is
cleared." "Two said, he is indebted, and one said, he is clear?" "He is
indebted." "One said he is clear, and one said he is indebted? And even if
two pronounced him clear or indebted, and one said, 'I don't know'?" "The
judges must be increased."

7. The matter is finished. They bring in the plaintiff and defendant. The
chief judge says, "thou, such a one, art clear; thou such a one, art
indebted." "And whence know we that one of the judges on going out should
not say, 'I was for clearing him, but my colleagues pronounced him
indebted, but what shall I do when my colleagues are too many for me'?"
"Of this man it is said,