ields or periods.

That the story of this book may be always related more closely with the
knowledge and experience of the individual reader, questions and
problems have been added at the conclusion of each chapter, which may
be used as subjects for {vi} discussion or topics for themes. For those
who wish to pursue some particular phase of the subject a brief list of
books has been selected which may profitably be read more intensively.

F. W. B.

{vii}

CONTENTS

_PART I_

CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. WHAT IS CIVILIZATION? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The human trail. Civilization may be defined. The material evidences
of civilization are all around us. Primitive man faced an unknown
world. Civilization is expressed in a variety of ways. Modern
civilization includes some fundamentals. Progress an essential
characteristic of civilization. Diversity is necessary to progress.
What is the goal of civilized man? Possibilities of civilization.
Civilization can be estimated.

II. THE ESSENTIALS OF PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

How mankind goes forward on the trail. Change is not necessarily
progress. Progress expresses itself in a variety of ideals and aims.
Progress of the part and progress of the whole. Social progress
involves individual development. Progress is enhanced by the
interaction of groups and races. The study of uncultured races of
to-day. The study of prehistoric types. Progress is indicated by
early cultures. Industrial and social life of primitive man. Cultures
indicate the mental development of the race. Men of genius cause
mutations which permit progress. The data of progress.

III. METHODS OF RECOUNTING HUMAN PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . 35

Difficulty of measuring progress. Progress may be measured by the
implements used. The development of art. Progress is estimated by
economic stages. Progress is through the food-supply. Progress
estimated by the different forms of social order. Development of
family life. The growth of political life. Religion important in
civilization. Progress through moral evolution. Intellectual
development of man. Change from savagery to barbarism. Civilization
includes all kinds of human progress. Table showing methods of
recounting human progress.

_PART II_

FIRST STEPS OF PROGRESS

IV. PREHISTORIC