ature. Art and architecture. The effect
of humanism on social manners. Relation of humanism to science and
philosophy. The study of the classics became fundamental in education.
General influence of humanism.

{xi}

XXIV. THE REFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

The character of the Reformation. Signs of the rising storm. Attempts
at reform within the church. Immediate causes of the Reformation.
Luther was the hero of the Reformation in Germany. Zwingli was the
hero of the Reformation in Switzerland. Calvin establishes the Genevan
system. The Reformation in England differed from the German. Many
phases of reformation in other countries. Results of the Reformation
were far-reaching.

XXV. CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERTY AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION . . . . 392

Progress of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The struggle of
monarchy with democracy. Struggle for constitutional liberty in
England. The place of France in modern civilization. The divine right
of kings. The power of the nobility. The misery of the people. The
church. Influence of the philosophers. The failure of government.
France on the eve of the revolution. The revolution. Results of the
revolution.

_PART V_

MODERN PROGRESS

XXVI. PROGRESS OF POLITICAL LIBERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Political liberty in the eighteenth century. The progress of popular
government found outside of great nations. Reform measures in England.
The final triumph of the French republic. Democracy in America.
Modern political reforms. Republicanism in other countries. Influence
of democracy on monarchy.

XXVII. INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Industries radiate from the land as a centre. The early medieval
methods of industry. The beginnings of trade. Expansion of trade and
transportation. Invention and discoveries. The change from handcraft
to power manufacture. The industrial revolution. Modern industrial
development. Scientific agriculture. The building of the city.
Industry and civilization.

XXVIII. SOCIAL EVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

The evolutionary processes of society. The social individual. The
ethnic form of society. The territorial group. The national group
founded on race expansion. The functions of new groups. Great society
and the social order. Great society protects voluntary organizations.
The widenin