g influence of the church. Growth of religious toleration.
Altruism and democracy. Modern society a machine of great complexity.
Interrelation of different parts of society. The progress of the race
based on social opportunities. The central idea of modern civilization.

XXIX. THE EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Science is an attitude of mind toward life. Scientific methods.
Measurement in scientific research. Science develops from centres.
Science and democracy. The study of the biological and physical
sciences. The evolutionary theory. Science and war. Scientific
progress is cumulative. The trend of scientific investigation.
Research foundations.

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XXX. UNIVERSAL EDUCATION AND DEMOCRACY . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Universal public education is a modern institution. The mediaeval
university permitted some freedom of choice. The English and German
universities. Early education in the United States. The common, or
public, schools. Knowledge, intelligence, and training necessary in a
democracy. Education has been universalized. Research an educational
process. The diffusion of knowledge necessary in a democracy.
Educational progress. Importance of state education. The
printing-press and its products. Public opinion.

XXXI. WORLD ECONOMICS AND POLITICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Commerce and communication. Exchange of ideas modifies political
organization. Spread of political ideas. The World War breaks down
the barriers of thought. Attempt to form a league for permanent peace.
International agreement and progress. The mutual aid of nations.
Reorganization of international law. The outlook for a world state.

XXXII. THE TREND OF CIVILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . 495

The economic outlook. Economics of labor. Public and corporate
industries. The political outlook. Equalization of opportunity. The
influence of scientific thought on progress. The relation of material
comfort to spiritual progress. The balance of social forces.
Restlessness vs. happiness. Summary of progress.

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

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_PART I_

CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS

HISTORY OF HUMAN SOCIETY

CHAPTER I

WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?

_The Human Trail_.--The trail of human life beginning in the mists of
the p