nsidering
the condition of religion, law, philosophy, literature, sculpture, art,
and architecture. These represent the best products of the mind, and
it is along this intellectual highway that the best results of
civilization are found. During the modern period of progressive life
systematic education has forced the intellectual faculties through a
more rapid course, giving predominance to intellectual life everywhere.
The intellectual development of nations or the intellectual development
of man in general is a theme of never-tiring interest, as it represents
his noblest achievements.

Man from the very beginning has had a desire for knowledge, to satisfy
curiosity. Gradually, however, he had a desire to know in order to
increase utility, and finally he reaches the highest state of progress
in desiring to know for the sake of knowing. Thus he proceeds from
mere animal curiosity to the idealistic state of discovering "truth for
truth's sake." These are qualities not only of the individual in his
development but of the racial group and, indeed, in a larger way of all
mankind; intelligence developed in the attempt of man to discover the
nature of the results of his instinctive, impulsive, or emotional
actions. Later he sought causes of these results. Here we have
involved increased knowledge as a basis of human action and the use of
that knowledge through discriminating intelligence. The intellect thus
represents the selective and directive process in the use of knowledge.
Hence, intelligent behavior of the individual or of the group comes
only after accumulated knowledge based on experience. The process of
trial and error thus gives rise to reflective thinking. It is a
superior use of the intellect that more than anything else
distinguishes the adult from the child or modern man from the primitive.

_Change from Savagery to Barbarism_.--Perhaps one of the broadest
classifications of ancient society, based upon general characteristics
of progress, makes the two general divisions of {49} savagery and
barbarism, and subdivides each of these into three groups. The lowest
status of savagery represents man as little above the brute creation,
subsisting upon roots and berries, and with no knowledge of art or of
social order. The second period, called the middle status of savagery,
represents man using fire, and using fish for food, and having
corresponding advancement in other ways. The upper status of savagery