formed the Greek city-state, common to all of the Greek communities.
It represents the real beginning of civic life among the nations.

The old family organization continued to exist, although from this time
on there was a gradual separation of the functions of government. The
executive, legislative, and judicial processes became more clearly
defined, and special duties were assigned to officers chosen for a
particular purpose. Formal law, too, appeared as the expression of the
will of a definitely organized community. Government grew more
systematic, and expanded into a well-organized municipality. There was
less separation of the duties of officers than now, but there was a
constant tendency for government to unfold and for each officer to have
his specific powers and duties defined. A deity watched over the city,
and a common shrine for worship was set up for all members of the
municipality.

The next attempt to enlarge government was by federation {45} and by
conquest and domination.[3] The city of Rome represents, first, a
federation of tribal city groups, and, finally, the dominant city
ruling over many other cities and much territory. From this it was
only a step to the empire and imperial sway. Athens in her most
prosperous period attempted to do the same, but was not entirely
successful. After the decline of the Roman power there arose from the
ruins of the fallen empire the modern nationalities, which used all
forms of government hitherto known. They partook of democracy,
aristocracy, or imperialism, and even attempted, in some instances, to
combine the principles of all three in one government. While the
modern state developed some new characteristics, it included the
elements of the Greek and Roman governments. The relations of these
new states developed a new code of law, based upon international
relations. Though treaties were made between the Greeks and the Romans
in their first international relations, and much earlier between the
Hebrews and the Phoenicians, international law is of practically modern
origin. At present modern nations have an extended and intricate code
of laws governing their relations. It is an extension of government
beyond the boundaries of nationality.

Through commerce, trade, and political intercourse the nations of the
Western World are drawn more closely together, and men talk of a world
citizenship. A wide philanthropy, rapid and cheap transportation, the
a