affs and
wands--all are expressions of a fulness of industrial and social life
not recognized in earlier races. Indications of religious ceremonies
represent the changing mind, and the expression of mind in art suggests
increased mental power.

_Cultures Indicate the Mental Development of the Race_.--As the art and
industry to-day represent the mental processes of man, so did these
primitive cultures show the inventive skill and adaptive power in the
beginnings of progress. Perhaps instinct, emotion, and necessity
figured more conspicuously in the early period than reflective thought,
while in modern times we have more design and more planning, both in
invention and construction. Also the primitive social order was more
an unconscious development, and lacked purpose and directing power in
comparison with present life.

{33}

But there must have been inventors and leaders in primitive times, some
brains more fertile than others, that made change and progress
possible. Who these unknown geniuses were human records do not
indicate. In modern times we single out the superiors and call them
great. The inventor, the statesman, the warrior, the king, have their
achievements heralded and recorded in history. The records of
achievement of the great barbarous cultures, of the Assyrians, the
Egyptians, and the Hebrews, centre around some king whose tomb
preserves the only records, while in reality some man unknown to us was
the real author of such progress as was made. The reason is that
progress was so slow that the changes passed unnoticed, being the
products of many minds, each adding its increment of change. Only the
king or ruler who could control the mass mind and the mass labor could
make sufficient spectacular demonstration worth recording, and could
direct others to build a tomb or record inscriptions to perpetuate his
name.

_Men of Genius Cause the Mutations Which Permit Progress_.--The toiling
multitudes always use the products of some inventive genius. Some
individual with specialized mental traits plans something different
from social usages or industrial life which changes tradition and
modifies the customs and habits of the mass. Whether he be statesman,
inventor, philosopher, scientist, discoverer, or military leader, he
usually receives credit for the great progressive mutation which he has
originated. There can be little progress without these few fertile
brains, just as there could be little p