ian
artist Mascre {65} under the direction of Professor A. Rotot, of
Brussels, is indicative of larger brain capacity than the Trinil race.
It had a massive jaw, distinctive nose, heavy arched brows, and still
the receding chin. Not many cultural remains were found in strata of
the second interglacial period along with the remains of extinct
animals, such as the ancient elephant, Etruscan rhinoceros, primitive
bison, primitive ox, Auvergne bear, and lion. A fauna and a flora as
well as a geological structure were found which would indicate that
this race existed at this place about 375,000 years ago. From these
evidences very little may be determined of the Heidelberg man's
cultural development, but much may be inferred. Undoubtedly, like the
Pithecanthropus, he was a man without the tools of civilization, or at
least had not developed far in this way.

About 150,000 years ago there appeared in Europe races of mankind that
left more relics of their civilization.[6] These were the
Neanderthaloid races. There is no evidence of the connection of these
races with the Java man or the Heidelberg man. Here, as elsewhere in
the evolution of races and species, nature does not work in a straight
line of descent, but by differentiation and variation.

In 1856 the first discovery of a specimen of the Neanderthal man was
found at the entrance of a small ravine on the right bank of the River
Dussel, in Rhenish Prussia. This was the first discovery of the
Paleolithic man to cause serious reflection on the possibility of a
prehistoric race in Europe. Its age is estimated at 50,000 years.
This was followed by other discoveries of the Mid-Pleistocene period,
until there were a number of discoveries of similar specimens of the
Neanderthal race, varying in some respects from each other. The first
had a brain capacity of 1230 c.c., while that of the average European
is about 1500 c.c. Some of the specimens showed a skull capacity
larger than the first specimen, but the average is lower than that of
any living race, unless it be that of the Australians.

{66}

Later were discovered human remains of a somewhat higher type, known as
the Aurignacian, of the Cro-Magnon race. These are probably ancestors
of the living races of Europe existing 25,000 to 50,000 years ago.
They represent the first races to which may be accorded definite
relationship with the recent races.

Thus we have evidences of the great antiquity of man and a s