housandth anniversary
of the establishment of the Magyars in Europe was
made the occasion of the publication of a multitude
of more or less popular books devoted, as a rule,
to a review of Hungarian national development.
Among them may be mentioned: A. Vambery, Hungary in
Ancient and Modern Times (London, 1897); R.
Chelard, La Hongrie millenaire (Paris, 1906); and
M. Gelleri, Aus der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart des
tausendjaehrigen Ungarn (Budapest, 1896).]

II. THE CROWN AND THE MINISTRY (p. 491)

*542. The Working Executive.*--The constitutional arrangements
respecting the executive branch of the Hungarian government are set
forth principally in Law III. of 1848 "concerning the Formation of a
Responsible Hungarian Ministry." The king attains his position _ipso
jure_, by reason of being Emperor of Austria, without the necessity of
any distinct act of public law. Within six months of his accession at
Vienna he is crowned monarch of Hungary at Budapest, in a special
ceremony in which is used the crown sent by Pope Sylvester II. upwards
of a thousand years ago to King Stephen. The new sovereign is required
to proffer Parliament an "inaugural certificate," as well as to take a
coronation oath, to the effect that he will maintain the fundamental
laws and liberties of the country; and both of these instruments are
incorporated among the officially published documents of the realm.
The entire proceeding partakes largely of the character of a
contractual arrangement between nation and sovereign.

As in Austria, the powers of the crown are exercised very largely
through the ministry. And, by reason of the peculiar safeguards in the
Hungarian laws against royal despotism, as well as the all but
uninterrupted absence of the king from the dominion, the ministry at
Budapest not only constitutes the Hungarian executive in every real
sense, but it operates on a much more purely parliamentary basis than
does its counterpart at Vienna. "His Majesty," says the law of 1848,
"shall exercise the executive power in conformity with law, through
the independent Hungarian ministry, and no ordinance, order, decision,
or appointment shall have force unless it is countersigned by one of
the ministers residing at Budapest."[690] Every measu