d largely in
practice, the three sets of relationships are clearly distinguished.
All, however, must be combined in the same individual. The law of
succession is the same, and it would not be possible for Francis
Joseph, for example, to vacate the kingship of Hungary while retaining
the Imperial office in the co-ordinated state. But there is a
coronation at Vienna and another at Budapest; the royal title reads
"Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of
Hungary"; and the relations of the sovereign with each of the two
governments are most of the time conducted precisely as if the other
of the two were non-existent. In the capacity of dual sovereign the
monarch's principal functions comprise the command of the army and
navy,[711] the appointment of heads of the joint ministries, the
promulgation of ordinances applying to the states in common, and the
giving of assent to measures enacted by the dual legislative body.

[Footnote 711: As an illustration of the
sensitiveness of the Hungarians in the matter of
their Austrian relations the fact may be cited that
in 1889, after prolonged effort, an arrangement was
procured in accordance with which the joint
sovereign, in the capacity of commander of the
armed forces, is known as Emperor _and_ King, not
as Emperor-King.]

*563. The Joint Ministries.*--By the Compromise of 1867 the three
departments of administration which most obviously require
concentration and uniformity were established upon a basis of
community between the two governmental systems. The first of these is
the ministry of Foreign Affairs. Neither Austria nor Hungary as such
maintains diplomatic intercourse with other powers; Under the
direction of the Foreign Minister (known, until 1871, as the Imperial
Chancellor) are maintained all relations with foreign governments,
through a diplomatic and consular service which represents in every
respect the monarchy as a whole. Commercial treaties, and treaties (p. 511)
stipulating changes of territory or imposing burdens upon the state or
upon any part of it, require the assent of both the parliament at
Vienna and that at Budapest.

The second common ministry is that of War. With respect to military
and naval administration there has been no little misunderstanding,
and even ill-feeling, between