e ancient
provinces were replaced by seven departments; to the Dutch were
assigned six seats in the French Senate, three in the Council of
State, and twenty-five in the Legislative Body; a lieutenant-general
was established at the head of the administrative system; and no
effort was spared to obliterate all survivals of Dutch nationality.

[Footnote 716: L. Delplace, La Belgique sous la
domination francaise, 2 vols. (Louvain, 1896); L.
de Lanzac de Laborie, La domination francaise en
Belgique, 2 vols. (Paris, 1895).]

[Footnote 717: L. Legrand, La revolution francaise
en Hollande: la republique batave (Paris, 1894).]

*571. The Settlement by the Congress of Vienna: the Constitution of
1815.*--With the overthrow of Napoleon the fate of both the Dutch and
the Belgian provinces fell to the arbitrament of the allied powers. In
the first Treaty of Paris, concluded May 30, 1814, between the Allies
on the one side and France on the other, it was stipulated that the
Belgian territories should be joined with Holland and that the whole,
under the name of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, should be
assigned to the restored house of Orange, in the person of William I.,
son of the stadtholder William V. Already, consequent upon the Dutch
revolt which followed the defeat of Napoleon at Leipzig, William had
been recalled from his eighteen-year exile. December 1, 1813, he had
accepted formally the sovereignty of the Dutch provinces, and early in
1814 a constitution had been drawn up and put in operation. The desire
of the Allies, particularly of Great Britain, was that there should be
brought into existence in the Low Countries a state which should be
sufficiently powerful to constitute a barrier to possible aggressions
of France upon the north. The union of the Belgian with the Dutch
provinces, was intended furthermore, to compensate the Dutch in (p. 519)
some measure for their losses of colonial possessions to Great
Britain during the war. By the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna,
June 9, 1815, and by the second Peace of Paris, November 20 following,
the arrangement was ratified. With Holland and the Austrian
Netherlands were united in the new state the bishopric of Liege, the
duchy of Limburg, and the duchy (henceforth to be known as the
grand-duchy) of Luxemburg. The last-mentioned territory, while
included