ility 289
2. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era 290
3. From the Restoration to the Revolution of 1848 295
4. The Second Republic and the Second Empire 297
5. The Establishment of the Third Republic 301
6. The Constitution of To-day 304

XVI. THE PRESIDENT, THE MINISTRY, AND PARLIAMENT
1. The President 308
2. The Ministry 311
3. Parliament: Senate and Chamber of Deputies 315
4. The Problem of Electoral Reform 319

XVII. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE--POLITICAL PARTIES
1. Organization and Workings of the Chambers 325
2. Political Parties since 1871 329

XVIII. JUSTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1. French Law 335
2. The Courts 337
3. Local Government: Development since 1789 341
4. Local Government To-day 346

PART IV.--ITALY (p. xii)

XIX. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
1. The Era of Napoleon 353
2. The Restoration and the Revolution of 1848 358
3. The Achievement of Unification 362
4. The Constitution 365

XX. THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
1. The Crown and the Ministry 368
2. Parliament: the Senate 372
3. The Chamber of Deputies--Parliamentary Procedure 375
4. The Judiciary 381
5. Local Government 383

XXI. STATE AND CHURCH--POLITICAL PARTIES
1. Quirinal and Vatican 387
2. Parties and Ministries, 1861-1896 391
3. The Era of Composite Ministries, 1896-1912 395
4. Phases of Party Politics 398

PART V.--SWITZERLAND

XXII. THE CONSTITUTIONA