itutional History,
Chaps. 13-14; Smith, History of the English
Parliament, I., Bks. 6-7; Pike, History of the
House of Lords, _passim_; J. N. Figgis, The Theory
of the Divine Right of Kings (Cambridge, 1896); and
G. P. Gooch, History of English Democratic Ideas in
the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1898). An
excellent analysis of the system of government
which the Stuarts inherited from the Tudors is
contained in the introduction of Prothero, Statutes
and Constitutional Documents. Of the numerous
biographies of Cromwell the best is C. H. Firth,
Oliver Cromwell (New York, 1904). A valuable survey
of governmental affairs at the death of James I. is
Maitland, Constitutional History Of England,
237-280.]

IX. THE LATER STUARTS: THE REVOLUTION OF 1688-1689 (p. 031)

*31. Charles II. and James II.*--Throughout the period 1660-1689 there
was enacted a final grand experiment to determine whether a Stuart
could, or would, govern constitutionally. The constitution in
accordance with which Charles II. and James II. were expected to
govern was that which had been built up during preceding centuries,
amended by the important reforms effected by the Long Parliament in
1641. The settlement of 1660 was a restoration no less of Parliament
than of the monarchy, in respect both to structure and to functions.
The two chambers were re-established upon their earlier foundations,
and in them was vested the power to enact all legislation and to
sanction all taxation. The spirit, if not the letter, of the agreement
in accordance with which the Stuart house was restored forbade the
further imposition of taxes by the arbitrary decree of the crown and
all exercise of the legislative power by the crown singly, whether
positively through proclamation or negatively through dispensation. It
required that henceforth the nature and amount of public expenditures
should, upon inquiry, be made known to the two houses, and that
ministers might regularly be held to account for their acts and those
of the sovereign. The easy-going Charles II. (1660-1685) contrived
most of the time to keep fairly within the bounds that were prescribed
for him. He disliked the