evelopment of Cabinet Government in England
(New York, 1902), Chaps. 1-8; E. Jenks,
Parliamentary England; the Evolution of the Cabinet
System (New York, 1903); and H. B. Learned,
Historical Significance of the Term "Cabinet" in
England and the United States, in _American
Political Science Review_, August, 1909.]

*38. Beginnings of Political Parties.*--A fourth phase of governmental
development within the period under survey is the rise of political
parties and the fixing of the broader aspects of the present party
system. In no nation to-day does party play a role of larger
importance than in Great Britain. Unknown to the written portions of
the constitution, and all but unknown to the ordinary law, party
management and party operations are, none the less, of constant and
fundamental importance in the actual conduct of government. The
origins of political parties in England fall clearly within the
seventeenth century. It was the judgment of Macaulay that the (p. 039)
earliest of groups to which the designation of political parties can
be applied were the Cavalier and Roundhead elements as aligned after
the adoption of the Grand Remonstrance by the Long Parliament in 1641.
The first groups, however, which may be thought of as essentially
analogous to the political parties of the present day, possessing
continuity, fixity of principles, and some degree of compactness of
organization, were the Whigs and Tories of the era of Charles II.
Dividing in the first instance upon the issue of the exclusion of
James, these two elements, with the passage of time, assumed
well-defined and fundamentally irreconcilable positions upon the
essential public questions of the day. Broadly, the Whigs stood for
toleration in religion and for parliamentary supremacy in government;
the Tories for Anglicanism and the prerogative. And long after the
Stuart monarchy was a thing of the past these two great parties kept
up their struggles upon these and other issues. After an unsuccessful
attempt to govern with the co-operation of both parties William III.,
as has been pointed out, fell back definitely upon the support of the
Whigs. At the accession of Queen Anne, in 1702, however, the Whigs
were turned out of office and the Tories (who already had had a taste
of power in 1698-1701) were put in control. They retained office
during