ge, 1897); J. H. Round, Feudal England
(London, 1895); K. Norgate, England under the
Angevin Kings, 2 vols. (London, 1887); ibid., John
Lackland (London, 1902), and J. H. Ramsay, The
Angevin Empire (London, 1903). The text of the
Great Charter is printed in Stubbs, Select
Charters, 296-306. English versions may be found in
G. B. Adams and H. M. Stephens, Select Documents of
English Constitutional History (New York, 1906),
42-52; S. Amos, Primer of the English Constitution
and Government (London, 1895), 189-201; and
University of Pennsylvania Translations and
Reprints (translation by E. P. Cheyney), I., No. 6.
The principal special work on the subject is W. S.
McKechnie, Magna Carta; a Commentary on the Great
Charter of King John (Glasgow, 1905). An
illuminating commentary is contained in Adams,
Origin of the English Constitution, 207-313.]

IV. THE RISE OF PARLIAMENT (p. 011)

*11. Beginnings of the Representative Principle.*--The thirteenth
century was clearly one of the most important periods in the growth of
the English constitution. It was marked not merely by the contest
which culminated in the grant of the Great Charter but also by the
beginnings, in its essentials, of Parliament. The formative epoch in
the history of Parliament may be said to have been, more precisely,
the second half of the reign of Henry III. (1216-1272), together with
the reign of the legislator-king Edward I. (1272-1307). The creation
of Parliament as we know it came about through the signal enlargement
of the Norman-Plantagenet Great Council by the introduction of
representative elements, followed by the splitting of the
heterogeneous mass of members definitely into two co-ordinate
chambers. The representative principle was in England no new thing in
the thirteenth century. As has appeared, there were important
manifestations of it in the local governmental system of Anglo-Saxon
times. As brought to bear in the development of Parliament, however,
the principle is generally understood to have sprung from the
twelfth-century practice of electing assessors to fix the value of
real and