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ttance except on business": "Only Protestants can sit on the throne of England". These propositions exemplify different ways in common speech of naming a subject _exclusively_, the predication being made of all outside a certain term. "None that are not brave, etc.;" "none that are not on business, etc.;" "none that are not Protestants, etc.". No not-S is P. It is only about all outside the given term that the universal assertion is made: we say nothing universally about the individuals within the term: we do not say that all Protestants are eligible, nor that all persons on business are admitted, nor that every one of the brave deserves the fair. All that we say is that the possession of the attribute named is an indispensable condition: a person may possess the attribute, and yet on other grounds may not be entitled to the predicate. The justification for taking special note of this form in Logic is that we are apt by inadvertence to make an inclusive inference from it. Let it be said that None but those who work hard can reasonably expect to pass, and we are apt to take this as meaning that all who work hard may reasonably expect to pass. But what is denied of every Not-S is not necessarily affirmed of every S. _The expression of_ TENSE or TIME _in the Syllogistic Forms_. Seeing that the Copula in S is P or S is in P does not express time, but only a certain relation between S and P, the question arises Where are we to put time in the analytic formula? "Wheat is dear;" "All had fled;" time is expressed in these propositions, and our formula should render the whole content of what is given. Are we to include it in the Predicate term or in the Subject term? If it must not be left out altogether, and we cannot put it with the copula, we have a choice between the two terms. It is a purely scholastic question. The common technical treatment is to view the tense as part of the predicate. "All had fled," All S is P, _i.e._, the whole subject is included in a class constituted on the attributes of flight at a given time. It may be that the Predicate is solely a predicate of time. "The Board met yesterday at noon." S is P, _i.e._, the meeting of the Board is one of the events characterised by having happened at a certain time, agreeing with other events in that respect. But in some cases the time is more properly regarded as part of the subject. _E.g._, "Wheat is dear". S does not here stand for wheat collectively
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