has been enabled to devote all his energies to the improvement
of the land.

There is now no district, however wild and cut off it may be, without
its school, attendance at which is purely voluntary. Right well have
the people availed themselves of this chance of education, and a
sliding scale of school fees permits even the poorest peasant to send
his son as well as his more wealthy brother.

The teachers have a seminary at Cetinje, which they must first attend,
and a gymnasium on the German and Austrian system can be visited, for
those boys who wish to extend their education to an European standard.
The same boys usually visit some Russian University, occasionally
Vienna or Belgrade, and return to their native land as doctors,
engineers, or lawyers, and supply the learned professions.

At Cetinje there is a further High School for Girls, founded by the
Empress Marie of Russia in 1869.

As the older men have not enjoyed in their youth the advantages of an
education which is now placed within the reach of all, lecturers are
sent round the country, and on Sundays, in wild and cut-off districts,
a man can be seen lecturing to a group of rough mountaineers who are
listening intently. These Government lecturers teach the shepherds how
to safeguard their sheep and cattle from disease; the lowland peasants
are initiated into the mysteries of vine-growing (every Montenegrin
family must plant a vine and attend to it) and tobacco-planting, and
general information is given to all.

The Army has been thoroughly reorganised, and is now, thanks to the
gift of the Czar, armed with the most modern magazine rifle and
officered by men who undergo a training in the armies of Russia,
Italy, or France.

The army system is of the simplest. The actual standing army consists
of one battalion and a force of artillery, but during the year 4,000
men pass through its ranks and receive a most efficient training. The
men return to their homes at the end of four months' training, but
drill weekly continues, on Sundays, till the age limit of sixty is
reached, when their arms have to be returned to the Government, who
again serve them out to the next recruit. Thus the recruit comes
equipped for his four months' training, and takes his arms home with
him at the conclusion, and is responsible for their good condition.
Each man receives a certain number of cartridges, for which he must
always be able to account, so that every able-bodied man is a