Sacs and Foxes on the upper Mississippi. The abolitionist movement
progressed; Garrison's _Liberator_ was founded. France agreed to pay the
United States five million dollars for damage to shipping during the
Napoleonic wars. Schoolcraft discovered the source of the Mississippi.
Chicago organized as a town. New York the first of the States to abolish
imprisonment for debt.

Alizarin, the foundation of anilin dyes, was separated by Robiquet and
Colin, of Paris, and Michael Faraday made his great discovery of
magneto-electric induction. Deaths: James Monroe; G.W.F. Hegel, German
philosopher; Barthold Niebuhr, German historian; Mrs. Siddons, English
actress; James Northcote, English painter.

=RULERS--United States, Andrew Jackson; Great Britain, William IV; France,
Louis Philippe; Spain, Ferdinand VII; Prussia, Frederick William III;
Russia, Nicholas I; Austria, Francis I; the Papacy vacant at beginning of
year; on February 2 Cardinal Capellari became Pope, with the title of
Gregory XVI.=

1832

Otto, son of the King of Bavaria, became King of Greece. Switzerland
divided into two antagonistic federations of cantons; federal government
intervened, and tranquillity was restored. Failure of the Duchesse de
Berry to incite rebellion against the rule of Louis Philippe.
Disturbances in Portugal, owing to the misrule of Dom Miguel, who was
acting as regent for the girl queen, Maria da Gloria, daughter of Dom
Pedro, Emperor of Brazil. Miguel impoverished the country and persecuted
legitimists and foreigners; fleets were sent by France and England to
protest; and with their support Dom Pedro, who had resigned the crown,
landed in Portugal and attacked Miguel.

President Jackson opposed "wild cat" banks, and vetoed bill for a renewal
of the charter of the United States Bank at Philadelphia. Nullification in
South Carolina, and the Federal tariff laws repudiated. Calhoun resigned
as Vice-President and was immediately elected United States Senator from
South Carolina. Jackson sent troops to Charleston to collect the Federal
revenues. Renewed trouble with the Seminoles, on an attempt being made to
remove them from Florida. The Sacs and Foxes also rose in Wisconsin, but
were defeated.

Egyptians, under Mehemet Ali, invaded Turkish territory and defeated the
Turks. Repressive measures in Germany against the press and political
meetings. The actions of Papal soldiers caused renewed disturbances in
Italy; Austria sent troops aga