her cousin, Prince Albert of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Chinese Emperor tried to stop the opium trade, and
ordered the destruction of eighteen million dollars' worth of the drug,
imported from British India, at Canton. Several encounters ensued between
the Chinese and British, and a strong naval force was ordered to the scene
of the trouble. England also at war with Afghanistan; Candahar and Kabul
captured; Shah Shuja made ruler under British protection. Aden, in Arabia,
captured and annexed to the British dominions.

In England, a uniform penny postal rate was introduced by Sir Rowland
Hill. Civil war in Spain temporarily ended; Spain almost ruined
financially and industrially. France withdrew from Mexico, having received
six million dollars indemnity; revolt in Paris suppressed with much
bloodshed. Austria and France withdrew their troops from the Papal States.
War between Egypt and Turkey; Egypt victorious. Perpetual neutrality of
Belgium guaranteed.

Dr. Theodore Schwann published his theory of the cellular construction of
plants and animals. Daguerre announced his invention of the sun prints,
since known as daguerreotypes. Letizia Ramolino, mother of Napoleon; Lady
Hester Stanhope, Joseph Schelling, German philosopher, and John Galt,
Scottish author, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1840

Famous "hard cider and log cabin" campaign in the United States, ending in
the defeat of Van Buren and the election of William Henry Harrison as
President, with John Tyler as Vice-President. New Mexico declared itself
independent of Mexico. Upper and Lower Canada reunited. Hawaii recognized
as an independent kingdom.

On February 10 Queen Victoria was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg.
Young Ireland movement started. Continuation of the war between China and
England; England successful in many engagements. Khelat, in Baluchistan,
lost by the British in July, regained in November. Chartist petition with
a million and a quarter signatures presented to Parliament; demands
refused. Sir James Brooke helped the Sultan of Borneo to quell a native
uprising.

In France, Louis Napoleon landed at Boulogne and made another attempt at
insurrection; captured and imprisoned in the fortress of Ham. Napoleon's
body removed from St. Helena to Paris. Maria Cristina, Queen Regent of
Spain, forced to leave the country; General Espartero made regent.

Among the celebrities who died in 1840 were Nicolo Paganini, Italian
vio