,
became its king.

A rebellion broke out in Canada, under the leadership of Papineau in Lower
Canada (Quebec) and of Mackenzie in Upper Canada (Ontario). Froebel opened
his first kindergarten at Blankenburg. Constantine, Algeria, captured by
the French. In South Africa, the Boers, under Maritz and Potgieter,
defeated Dingaan's Zulus, December 16; the anniversary of the battle has
ever since been celebrated as Dingaan's Day.

Francois Fourier, French socialist; Alessandro Leopardi, Italian poet, and
Alexander Pushkin, Russian author, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Martin Van Buren
became President of the United States, and Queen Victoria succeeded her
uncle, William IV, as sovereign of England.=

1838

The remainder of the Cherokees ejected from their lands in Georgia by
State troops in violation of treaties with the Federal government. Nearly
five thousand of the Indians died of hunger and exposure in making their
way to the Indian Territory. The Seminoles renewed war in Florida; Osceola
treacherously captured, and died in Fort Moultrie; Zachary Taylor, leader
of the American troops, forced the Indians back to the Everglades. The
Mormons were driven out from their settlement at Nauvoo, Illinois, and
started westward to the Great Salt Lake.

Papineau's rebellion in Canada suppressed by loyalists and British troops;
Lord Durham, sent out as special commissioner to investigate the causes of
Canadian discontent, proclaimed an amnesty. Father Theobald Mathew began
his temperance crusade in Cork, Ireland. Chartist movement strong in
England; demands for the ballot and other reforms presented to Parliament.
Heroic action of Grace Darling in rescuing survivors of the wrecked vessel
Forfarshire, in the Farne Islands.

Mexico and the Argentine Republic became involved in war with France; the
French bombarded Vera Cruz and blockaded Buenos Ayres. The steamer Great
Western crossed from Bristol to New York in fifteen days.

Talleyrand, French diplomat, and John Stevens, American engineer, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1839

Anti-rent disturbances in New York State; settled by the Dutch patroonates
of tenants being permitted to purchase the ground. Abolitionists met at
Warsaw, New York, and planned to form a political party. Goodyear patented
his method of vulcanizing rubber. First normal school for teachers started
in Massachusetts.

Queen Victoria betrothed to