Occupation
Forces in Europe series (Historical Division, European Command, 1952),
Ronald Sher's "Integration of Negro and White Troops in the U.S. Army,
Europe, 1952-1954" (Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Army,
Europe, 1956), and Charles G. Cleaver, "Personnel Problems," vol. III,
pt. 2, of the "History of the Korean War" (Military History Section,
Headquarters, Far East Command, 1952), are important secondary sources
for guiding the student through a bewildering mass of materials. Alan
M. Osur's _Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II: The
Problem of Race Relations_ (Washington: Government Printing Office,
1977) and Alan Gropman's _The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964_
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), both published by the
Office of Air Force History, and Henry I. Shaw, Jr., and Ralph W.
Donnelly's _Blacks in the Marine Corps_ (Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1975) provided official, comprehensive surveys of
their subjects. Finally, there is in the files of the Center of
Military History a copy of the transcripts of the National Defense
Conference on Negro Affairs (26 April 1948). Second only to the
transcripts of the Fahy Committee hearings in comprehensiveness on the
subject of postwar racial policies, this document also provides a rare
look at the attitudes of the traditional black leadership at a crucial
period.

As the footnotes indicate, congressional documents and newspapers were
also important resources mined in the preparation of this volume. Of
particular interest, the Center of Military History has on file a
special guide to some of these sources prepared by Lt. Col. Reinhold
S. Schumann (USAR). This guide analyzes the congressional and press
reaction to the 1940 and 1948 draft laws and to the Fahy and Gesell
Committee reports.

In his _Blacks and the Military in American History: A New
Perspective_ (New York: Praeger, 1974), Jack D. Foner provides a fine
general survey of the Negro in the armed forces, including an accurate
summary of the integration period. Among the many specialized studies
on the integration period itself, cited throughout the text, several
might provide a helpful entree to a complicated subject. The standard
account is Richard M. Dalfiume's _Desegregation of the_ _United (p. 632)
States Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939-1953_ (Columbia,
Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1969). Carefully documented
and containing a very helpfu