advise civilian officials
on complaints from the black community, especially black servicemen,
and to rationalize service policies for civil rights organizations.
The new civil rights office, reflecting McNamara's positive
intentions, was organized to monitor and instruct military
departments.

[Footnote 22-7: Norman S. Paul succeeded Carlisle
Runge as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower)
on 8 August 1962.]

[Footnote 22-8: DOD Dir 5120.36, 26 Jul 63. For an
extended discussion of the functions of the
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower) and his
civil rights deputy, see Memo, DASD (CR) for Mr.
Paul, 21 Sep 65, sub: Policy Formulation, Planning
and Action in the Office of the Deputy Assistant
Secretary of Defense (Civil Rights), 26 July
1963-26 September 1965, ASD (M) 291.2. This
significant document, a progress report on civil
rights in the first two years of McNamara's new
program, is an important source for much of the
following discussion and will be referred to
hereafter as Paul Memo.]

[Footnote 22-9: DOD News Release 1057-63, 29 Jul 63.]

[Footnote 22-10: Memo, ASD (M) for DASD (Education) et
al., 23 Jan 63, sub: Coordination of All Matters
Related to Racial Problems, ASD (M) 291.2.]

[Footnote 22-11: Evans' predecessors included Emmett
J. Scott, Special Assistant to the Secretary of
War, 1917-19; William H. Hastie, Civilian Aide to
the Secretary of War, 1940-43; Truman K. Gibson,
1944-46; and Marcus H. Ray, 1946-47. Evans left
Army employ to join the staff of the Secretary of
Defense in 1947. See Memo for Rcd, Counselor to ASD
(M), 1 Mar 62, ASD (M) 291.2.]

The civil rights deputy was a relatively powerless bureaucrat. (p. 559)
He might investigate discrimination and isolate its causes, but he
enjoyed no independent power to reform service practices. His
substantive dealings with the services had to be staffed through his
superior, the Assistant Secretary for Manpower,