47

_Claviger_, 267-268
_testaceus_, 268

Climate in Glacial period, 65, 81, 127, 149, 182-183
in Pleistocene Europe, 208-209

Close, Maxwell, 129

Cod-fish, origin of, 143

_Coecilianella_, 17

_Coenonympha typhon_, 93

Cole, G. J., 83, 106-107

Coleoptera of Europe, origin of, 197
common to Europe and North America, 161

_Colias_, 266

_Coregonus_, 124
_clupeoides_, 124
_pollan_, 124
_vandesius_, 124

Cosmopolitan species, 24

_Cottus_, 92-93
_bubalis_, 93
_gobio_, 93
_quadricornis_, 175
_scorpio_, 93

Credner, R., 177-178

_Cricetus frumentarius_, 190
_vulgaris_, 204

Crimea formerly an island, 35

Crimean fauna, 57

Croll, J., 66

_Crocidura_, 253
_etrusca_, 253, 279

_Cuniculus torquatus_, 138

Current, Arctic, 172-173

_Cyanopolius Cooki_, 293
_cyanus_, 293

_Cyclostoma elegans_, 16

_Danais chrysippus_, 267

Dartford Warbler, 288

Darwin, C., 13-15, 17-19, 25, 32-33, 339

_Daudebardia_, 323

_Daulias luscinea_, 192

Dawkins, Boyd, 53, 62-63, 72-73, 107, 112-113, 120, 208, 222-223, 282

Day, F., 29

Deperet, C., 44, 276

Dippers, origin of, 255

_Discoglossus pictus_, 279, 295-296

Dispersal of Amphibia, 59
of beetles (_apterous_), 59
of British butterflies, 113
of earthworms, 58
of planarian worms, 59
of spiders, 59
of wood-lice, 59

Distribution, centres of, 12, 43, 47
discontinuous, 114

Dormouse, 316
absent from Ireland, 121

_Drapetisca socialis_, 94

_Dreyssensia polymorpha_, 26, 230-231

Drift, a marine deposit, 129

Drude, O., 52, 77

_Dryas octopetala_, 79, 238

Dual origin, possibility of, 38

Dyer, Th., 79

Earth-worms, distribution of, 19, 23, 58

Edelweiss, 266, 342

Egean Continent, subsidence of, 272-273

Eider-duck, range of, 141

_Elephantidae_, origin of, 202, 252-253

_Elephas primigenius_, 214, 252

Emery, C., 161, 167

Endemic species, 10

Engler, A., 52, 145, 171, 176, 282, 341-342

English Hare, 29

_Ephydatia crateriformis_, 94

_Epoccus_, 167

_Erebia_, 325-326
_aethiops_, 325-326
_epiphron_, 325
_glacialis_, 326
_lappona_, 326

_Eremias_, 258

Erratics, 181-182

_Eryx jaculus_, 259

_Euphorbia hiberna_, 307

European beetles, origin of, 197
butterflies, orig