in of, 200
land and fresh-water mollusca, origin of, 196
mammals, origin of, 106, 193

_Eurynebria complanata_, 302

_Evotomys Nageri_, 314

Extension of range, mode of, 38

Fallow Deer, 251

Falsan, A., 66, 68-69, 71, 73

Feilden, H. W., 13, 77, 84-85, 164

Finmark, Greenland mollusca on coast of, 171

Fire-toads, origin of, 259

Fischer, P., 103

Fishes, Caspian, 224

"Flotsam and jetsam" theory, 20

Foraminifera in boulder-clay, 84

Forbes, E., 64, 101, 110, 114-115, 171, 288, 339

Forest-Bed an inter-glacial deposit, 70
corresponding to continental inter-glacial deposits, 120
fauna of, 232-234
mollusca, 212-213

Fossil glaciers, 220

Fresh-water faunas, origin of, 177

_Fringilla_, 293
_coelebs_, 293
_madeirensis_, 293
_montifringilla_, 293
_spodiogenys_, 293
_teydea_, 293

Frog, introduction of, into Ireland, 30-31

Gadow, H., 139

Galapagos Islands, 19

_Galeodes_, 270

_Gammaracanthus relictus_, 179

Gardner, J. S., 145

_Garnieria_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48

_Gasterosteus aculeatus_, 92

Gaudry, A., 73, 273

Geikie, Sir A., 116, 309

Geikie, J., 59, 66-67, 70, 75-76, 80-83, 116, 129, 163, 182, 216-217,
226-227, 233, 235, 238

Geographical changes, importance of, 64

_Geomalacus maculosus_, 5, 49, 99, 102, 115, 298-299

Gervais, E., 150

Glacial climate in France, 150
period, climate of, 65-81, 127, 149, 182-183
period in Scandinavia, 176
period, survival of animals and plants during, 65

Glaciation of Ireland, 129

Glutton, 119, 203

Goldfinch, origin of, 257

_Gonepteryx_, 296-297
_cleobule_, 297
_cleopatra_, 296
_rhamni_, 296

Gould, J. E., 20

Great Auk, range of, 92, 142

Greenland flora, 161-162
flora, survival of, 163-164
miocene temperature in, 146
mollusca on coast of Finmark, 171
Tertiary plants, 144-145

Grouse, 91, 334
black, 336

_Gulo luscus_, 119, 203

Haacke, W., 147

Hamilton, John, 161

Hamster, 190, 204

Hanitsch, R., 94

Hare, 2, 29, 90
Arctic, 2, 90-91
English, 29

Hare, Alpine, as a test of climate, 316

Harle, E., 150

Harmer, F. W., 182

Harvest-mouse, 3, 190

Harvie-Brown, J. A., 105

Haughton, W., 86

Hazel-grouse, 337

Hedge Accentor, 317

Hedley, C., 20

Heer, O., 144-145