Madeira, 25
Porto Santo, 25

Molluscs, dispersal of, 17, 24

Mongoose, 28

_Montifringilla nivalis_, 318

More, A. G., 104

Moeschler, E., 160

_Motacilla_, 254, 292
_alba_, 292
_borealis_, 255
_campestris_, 254
_lugubris_, 292
_melanope_, 254

Mountain Avens, 79

Mountain-ringlet, 325

Mouse, distribution of Harvest, 3

Mud-glaciers, 86

Murchison, R., 175, 230

Murray, Andrew, 32-33, 150, 154

_Muscardinus avellanarius_, 316

Musk-Ox, range of, 119, 134-135, 203

_Mus minutus_, 3, 95, 190

_Mustela africana_, 279
_boccamela_, 279
_erminea_, 135-136
_putorius_, 190

_Myodus lemmus_, 138
_obensis_, 138

_Myoxus_, 316

_Mysis caspica_, 223
_micropthalma_, 223
_relicta_, 179, 223

Nathorst, A. G., 163, 169, 240-241

Natterjack Toad, 30

_Nebria atrata_, 328
_livida_, 328

Nehring, A., 96, 107, 119, 196, 208-211, 340

_Nenia_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 48

Neumayr, M., 19, 67

Newt, 319

New Siberian Islands, origin of
bone-beds, 219
extinct fauna of, 218

Nightingale, 192

Nordquist, 179

North American marine mollusca in crag deposits, 173

North European Sea, 172

Ocean basins, permanence of, 18

Oceanic Islands, 18

_Oeneis_, 326-327
_aello_, 326

_Onychogomphus_, 268

Oriental migration, old and new, 272

Oriental plants, 282-283

Origin, centre of, shifting, 202

_Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus_, 115, 302

_Ovibos moschatus_, 119, 134-135, 203

Pacific Continent, 20

Painted-lady Butterfly, 98

Palincosmic species, 25

Pallas's Sandgrouse, 205

_Panurus biarmicus_, 292

_Papilio hospiton_, 265

_Parmacella_, 49

_Parnassius_, 265-266, 324
_Apollo_, 265, 324
_delius_, 324
_mnemosyne_, 324
_Nordmanni_, 324

Partridge, 29

_Pelias berus_, 192

_Pelobates_, 295

_Pelodytes punctatus_, 295

_Pelophila borealis_, 93

Penck, A., 66

Perches, origin of, 143

_Periops hippocrepis_, 279

Peschel, O., 177

Petersen, W., 55, 154, 160, 200

_Petronia stulta_, 318

_Pezotettix_, 329-330
_alpinus_, 329
_pedestris_, 329

_Phasianus_, 256-257
_colchicus_, 31, 257

Pheasant, origin of, 256-257

_Phoca annelata_, 174
_caspica_, 224

_Phaedusa_, sub-genus of _Clausilia_, 263

_Phylloxera vastatrix