is, one of their chiefs.** He established a
semblance of regular government, chose Memphis as his capital, and
imposed a tax upon the vanquished. Two perils, however, immediately
threatened the security of his triumph: in the south the Theban lords,
taking matters into their own hands after the downfall of the Xoites,
refused the oath of allegiance to Salatis, and organized an obstinate
resistance;*** in the north he had to take measures to protect
himself against an attack of the Chaldaeans or of the Elamites who were
oppressing Chaldaea.****

* The horse was unknown, or at any rate had not been
employed in. Egypt prior to the invasion; we find it,
however, in general use immediately after the expulsion of
the Shepherds, see the tomb of Pihiri. Moreover, all
historians agree in admitting that it was introduced into
the country under the rule of the Shepherds. The use of the
war-chariot in Chaldaea at an epoch prior to the Hyksos
invasion, is proved by a fragment of the Vulture Stele; it
is therefore, natural to suppose that the Hyksos used the
chariot in war, and that the rapidity of their conquest was
due to it.

** The name Salatis (var. Saitos) seems to be derived from a
Semitic word, Siialit = "the chief," "the governor;" this
was the title which Joseph received when Pharaoh gave him
authority over the whole of Egypt (Gen. xli. 43). Salatis
may not, therefore, have been the real name of the first
Hyksos king, but his title, which the Egyptians
misunderstood, and from which they evolved a proper name:
Uhlemann has, indeed, deduced from this that Manetho, being
familiar with the passage referring to Joseph, had forged
the name of Salatis. Ebers imagined that he could decipher
the Egyptian form of this prince's name on the Colossus of
Tell-Mokdam, where Naville has since read with certainty the
name of a Pharaoh of the XIIIth and XIVth dynasties,
Nahsiri.

*** The text of Manetho speaks of taxes which he imposed on
the high and low lands, which would seem to include the
Thebaid in the kingdom; it is, however, stated in the next
few pages that the successors of Salatis waged an incessant
war against the Egyptians, which can only refer to
hostilities against the Thebans. We are forced, therefore,
to admit, either that Manetho took the title of lord of the