he later time, and does
not occur in the ancient inscriptions, so that Manetho's
explanation is valueless; there is but one material fact to
be retained from his evidence, and that is the name _Hyk-
Shos_ or _Hyku-Shos_ given by its inventors to the alien
kings. Cham-pollion and Rosellini were the first to identify
these Shos with the Shausu whom they found represented on
the monuments, and their opinion, adopted by some, seems to
me an extremely plausible one: the Egyptians, at a given
moment, bestowed the generic name of Shausu on these
strangers, just as they had given those of Amuu and Manatiu.
The texts or writers from whom Manetho drew his information
evidently mentioned certain kings _hyku_-Shausu; other
passages, or, the same passages wrongly interpreted, were
applied to the race, and were rendered _hyku_-Shausu = "the
_prisoners_ taken from the Shausu," a substantive derived
from the root _haka_ = "to take" being substituted for the
noun _hyqu_ = "prince." Josephus declares, on the authority
of Manetho, that some manuscripts actually suggested this
derivation--a fact which is easily explained by the custom
of the Egyptian record offices. I may mention, in passing,
that Mariette recognised in the element "_Sos_" an Egyptian
word _shos_ = "soldiers," and in the name of King Mirmashau,
which he read Mirshosu, an equivalent of the title Hyq-
Shosu.

But we are without any clue as to their real name, language, or origin.
The writers of classical times were unable to come to an agreement on
these questions: some confounded the Hyksos with the Phoenicians, others
regarded them as Arabs.* Modern scholars have put forward at least
a dozen contradictory hypotheses on the matter. The Hyksos have been
asserted to have been Canaanites, Elamites, Hittites, Accadians,
Scythians. The last opinion found great favour with the learned, as
long as they could believe that the sphinxes discovered by Mariette
represented Apophis or one of his predecessors. As a matter of fact,
these monuments present all the characteristics of the Mongoloid type
of countenance--the small and slightly oblique eyes, the arched but
somewhat flattened nose, the pronounced cheekbones and well-covered
jaw, the salient chin and full lips slightly depressed at the corners.**
These peculiarities are also observed in the three heads found a