he end of the war. Similarly, by the spring of this year, Germany had
arranged to start submarine training in Constantinople for the Turks,
and a submarine school was open and at work in March. A few months later
it was established at the island of Prinkipo, where it is now hard at
work under German instructors. Other naval cadets were sent to Germany
for their training, and Turkish officers were present at the battle of
Jutland in June 1916, and of course were decorated by the Emperor in
person for their coolness and courage.[1]

[Footnote 1: In October 1917 a bill was passed for the entire
remodelling of the Turkish fleet after the war, on the lines of the
German fleet, 'which proved its perfect training in the battle of Skager
Rak.']

A complete revision of the Turkish system of exemptions from military
service was necessary as soon as Germany began to want men badly. The
age for military service was first raised, and we find a Turkish order
of October 1916, calling on all men of forty-three, forty-four, and
forty-five years of age to pay their exemption tax if they did not wish
to be called to the colours. That secured their money, and, with truly
Prussian irony, hardly had this been done when a fresh army order was
issued calling out all men, whether they had paid their exemption tax or
not. Germany thus secured both their money and their lives.

Still more men were needed, and in November a fresh levy of boys was
raised regardless of whether they had reached the military age or not.
This absorbed the senior class of the boy scouts, who hitherto had
learned their drill in a 'recreationary manner.' Neither Jews nor
Christians are exempt from service, and frequent press gangs go round
Constantinople rounding up those who are in hiding.

Again the Prussian Moloch was hungry for more, and in December 1916 the
Turkish _Gazette_ announced that all males in Asia Minor between the
ages of fourteen and sixty-five were to be enrolled for military
service, and in January of this year, 1917, fresh recruiting was
foreshadowed by the order that men of forty-six to fifty-two, who had
paid their exemption money, should be medically examined to see if they
were fit for active service. This fresh recruiting was also put in force
in the case of boys, and during the summer of 1917 all boys above the
age of twelve, provided they were sound and well-built, were taken for
the army. Wider and wider the net was spread, and in the same m