he case of American aborigines generally, the
social life of these people is closely connected with their
architecture, and the pueblos which are still inhabited seem to furnish
us with the key to the interpretation of those that we find deserted or
in ruins, whether in Arizona or in Guatemala.

[Footnote 89: See his articles in the _Century Magazine_, Dec.,
1882, Feb., 1883, May, 1883; and his papers on "Zuni Fetiches,"
_Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, ii. 9-45; "A Study of
Pueblo Pottery as Illustrative of Zuni Culture Growth," id. iv.
473-521; see also Mrs. Stevenson's paper, "Religious Life of a
Zuni Child," id. v. 539-555; Sylvester Baxter, "An Aboriginal
Pilgrimage," _Century Magazine_, Aug., 1882.]

[Illustration: Pueblo Hungo Pavie. Chaco Canon N. M.]

[Sidenote: Typical structure of the pueblo.]

In the architecture of the pueblos one typical form is reproduced with
sundry variations in detail. The typical form is that of a solid block
of buildings making three sides of an extensive rectangular enclosure
or courtyard. On the inside, facing upon the courtyard, the structure
is but one story in height; on the outside, looking out upon the
surrounding country, it rises to three, or perhaps even five or six
stories. From inside to outside the flat roofs rise in a series of
terraces, so that the floor of the second row is continuous with the
roof of the first, the floor of the third row is continuous with the
roof of the second, and so on. The fourth side of the rectangle is
formed by a solid block of one-story apartments, usually with one or two
narrow gateways overlooked by higher structures within the enclosure.
Except these gateways there is no entrance from without; the only
windows are frowning loop-holes, and access to the several apartments is
gained through skylights reached by portable ladders. Such a structure
is what our own forefathers would have naturally called a "burgh," or
fortress; it is in one sense a house, yet in another sense a town;[90]
its divisions are not so much houses as compartments; it is a
joint-tenement affair, like the Iroquois long houses, but in a higher
stage of development.

[Footnote 90: Cf. [Greek: oikos], "house," with Latin _vicus_,
"street" or "village," Sanskrit _vesa_, "dwelling-place,"
English _wick_, "mansion" or "village."]

[Illustration: Restoration of Pueblo Hungo Pav