_to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_

[Footnote 1: Review Sec. 203.]

[Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the
_gerundive_.]

_a._ The present active and future passive participles are formed
from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive
participles are formed from the participial stem.

_b._ The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the
present stem. In -io: verbs of the third conjugation, and in the
fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -e:-,
as /capi-e:-ns\, /audi-e:-ns\. It is declined like an adjective of
one ending of the third declension. (Cf. Sec. 256.)

amans, _loving_
BASE amant- STEM amanti-

SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
Nom. ama:ns ama:ns amante:s amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amanti: amanti: amantibus amantibus
Acc. amantem ama:ns amanti:s _or_ -e:s amantia
Abl. amanti: amanti: amantibus amantibus
_or_ -e _or_ -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -i:;
when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline /monens\, /regens\, /capiens\, /audiens\.

_c._ The future active participle is formed by adding -u:rus to the
base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined
with /esse\ to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. Sec. 206.)

_d._ For the perfect passive participle see Sec. 201. The future
passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the
present stem.

_e._ All participles in -us are declined like /bonus\.

_f._ Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

_g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: /curo\,
/iubeo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /munio\.

_375._ Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the
participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently
every deponent verb has four participles, as,

_Pres. Act._ horta:ns, _urging_
_Fut. Act._ horta:tu:rus, _about to urge_
_Perf. Pass._ (in form) horta:tus, _having urged_
_Fut. Pass._ (_Gerundive_) hortandus, _to be urged_