the present advanced state of medical science.

The Greek belief in destiny becomes in the Romans stoicism. This
doctrine, found in the writings of Seneca, and in the tragedies
attributed to him, led to the probability that he was their author.
Seneca has had many admirers and imitators in modern times. The French
school of tragic poets took him for their model.

Corneille and Racine seem to consider his works real tragedy.

Cicero's philosophical writings are invaluable in order to understand
the minds of those who came after him. Not only all Roman philosophy of
the time; but a great part of that of the Middle Ages was Greek
philosophy filtered through Latin, and mostly founded on that of
Cicero. But of all the Roman creations, the most original was
jurisprudence. The framework they took from Athens; but the complete
fabric was the work of their own hands. It was first developed between
the consulate of Cicero and the death of Trajan (180 years), and
finally carried to completion under Hadrian. This system was of such a
high order that the Romans have handed it down to the whole of modern
Europe, and traces of Roman law can be found in the legal formulas of
the entire civilized world.

After the fall of the Western Empire these laws had little force until
the twelfth century, when Irnerius, a German lawyer, who had lived in
Constantinople, opened a school at Bologna, and thus brought about a
revival in the West of Roman civil law. Students came to this school
from all parts of Europe, and through them Roman jurisprudence was
carried into, and took root in foreign countries. By common consent the
invention of satire is attributed to the Romans. The originator of the
name was Ennius; but the true exponent of Roman satire was Lucilius,
who lived 148-102 B.C. His writings mark a distinct era in Roman
literature and filled no less than thirty volumes, some fragments of
which remain. After his death there was a decline in satire until fifty
years later, when Horace and Juvenal gave it a new impetus, although
their style was different from that of Lucilius. Doctor Johnson was
such an admirer of the two finest of Juvenal's satires that he took
pains to imitate them.

Boethius, the last of the Roman philosophers, left a work "on the
Consolations of Philosophy," which is known in all modern languages. A
translation was made into Anglo-Saxon by King Alfred in 900 A.D. Virgil
(70-19 B.C.) has taken Homer as his model in his