at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford. He took a first
class in moderations in 1862 and in _Literae humaniores_ in 1863, and was
Pusey and Ellerton scholar in 1861. From 1864 to 1866 he was fellow and
tutor of Merton College. In 1866 he became professor of moral philosophy in
the university of Glasgow, and in 1893 succeeded Benjamin Jowett as master
of Balliol. With Thomas Hill Green he founded in England a school of
orthodox neo-Hegelianism (see HEGEL, _ad fin._), and through his pupils he
exerted a far-reaching influence on English philosophy and theology. Owing
to failing health he gave up his lectures in 1904, and in May 1906 resigned
his mastership, in which he was succeeded by James Leigh Strachan-Davidson,
who had previously for some time, as senior tutor and fellow, borne the
chief burden of college administration. Dr Caird received the honorary
degree of D.C.L. in 1892; he was made a corresponding member of the French
Academy of Moral and Political Science and a fellow of the British Academy.
His publications include _Philosophy of Kant_ (1878); _Critical Philosophy
of Kant_ (1889); _Religion and Social Philosophy of Comte_ (1885); _Essays
on Literature and Philosophy_ (1892); _Evolution of Religion_ (Gifford
Lectures, 1891-1892); _Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers_
(1904); and he is represented in this encyclopaedia by the article on
CARTESIANISM. He died on the 1st of November 1908.

For a criticism of Dr Caird's theology, see A.W. Benn, _English Rationalism
in the 19th Century_ (London, 1906).

CAIRD, JOHN (1820-1898), Scottish divine and philosopher, was born at
Greenock on the 15th of December 1820. In his sixteenth year he entered the
office of his father, who was partner and manager of a firm of engineers.
Two years later, however, he obtained leave to continue his studies at
Glasgow University. After a year of academic life he tried business again,
but in 1840 he gave it up finally and returned to college. In 1845 he
entered the ministry of the Church of Scotland, and after holding several
livings accepted the chair of divinity at Glasgow in 1862. During these
years he won a foremost place among the preachers of Scotland. In theology
he was a Broad Churchman, seeking always to emphasize the permanent
elements in religion, and ignoring technicalities. In 1873 he was appointed
vice-chancellor and principal of Glasgow University. He delivered the
Gifford Lectures in 1892-1893 and