to facilitate his efforts in
other countries and other literatures he learnt Arabic, Norse, Danish and
Dutch. In 1890 he visited Berlin and Amsterdam to acquaint himself with the
ways of younger theologians, especially with the Ritschlians, whose work he
appreciated but did not accept as final. On his return he wrote a long
article on "Recent Scottish Theology" for the _Presbyterian and Reformed
Review_, for which he read over every theological work of note published in
Scotland during the preceding half-century. He died on the 12th of March,
1892, at Edinburgh. Among his principal publications are _An Examination of
Ferrier's "Knowing and Being," and the Scottish Philosophy_--(a work which
gave him the reputation of being an independent Hamiltonian in philosophy);
_Memoir of John Brown, D.D._ (1860); _Romanism and Rationalism_ (1863);
_Outlines of Apologetical Theology_ (1867); _The Doctrine of the
Presbyterian Church_ (1876); _Unbelief in the 18th Century_ (1881);
_Doctrinal Principles of the United Presbyterian Church_ (Dr Blair's
Manual, 1888).

See MacEwen's _Life and Letters of John Cairns_ (1895).

(D. MN.)

CAIRNS, a seaport of Nares county, Queensland, Australia, 890 m. direct
N.N.W. of Brisbane. Pop. (1901) 3557. The town lies parallel with the sea,
on the western shore of Trinity Bay, with an excellent harbour, and a long
beach, finely timbered. Cairns is the natural outlet for the gold-fields,
tin-mines and silver-fields of the district and for the rich copper
district of Chillagoe. A government railway, 48 m. long, runs to Mareeba,
whence a private company's line continues to Mungana, 100 m. W. There is
also a line belonging to a private company connecting Chillagoe with
Mareeba. In the vicinity of Cairns are extensive sugar plantations, with
sugar mills and refineries; the culture of coffee and tobacco has rapidly
extended; bananas, pine-apples and other fruits are exported in
considerable quantities and there is a large industry in cedar. The Barron
Falls, among the finest in Australia, are near Kuranda, 19 m. from Cairns.
Cairns became a municipality in 1885.

CAIRO (Arabic _Misr-al-Kahira_, or simply _Misr_), the capital of modern
Egypt and the most populous city in Africa, on the Nile, 12 m. S. of the
apex of the Delta, in 30 deg. 3' N. and 31 deg. 21' E. It is 130 m. S.E. of
Alexandria, and 148 E. of Suez by rail, though only 84 m. from the
last-named port by the overland route across the desert, i