nd. According to Mr E.H. Cunningham-Craig, the mineral occurs in
crystals lining cavities in highly-inclined veins of a fine-grained granite
running through the coarser granite of the main mass: Shallow pits were
formerly dug in the kaolinized granite for sake of the cairngorm and the
mineral was also found as pebbles in the bed of the river Avon. Cairngorm
is a favourite ornamental stone in Scotland, being set in the lids of
snuff-mulls, in the handles of dirks and in brooches for Highland costume.
A rich sherry-yellow colour is much esteemed. Quartz of yellow and brown
colour is often known in trade as "false topaz," or simply "topaz." Such
quartz is found at many localities in Brazil, Russia and Spain. Much of the
yellow quartz used in jewellery is said to be "burnt amethyst"; that is, it
was originally amethystine quartz, the colour of which has been modified by
heat (see AMETHYST). Yellow quartz is sometimes known as citrine; when the
quartz presents a pale brown tint it is called "smoky quartz"; and when the
brown is so deep that the stone appears almost black it is termed morion.
The brown colour has been referred to the presence of titanium.

CAIRNS, HUGH MCCALMONT CAIRNS, 1ST EARL (1819-1885), Irish statesman, and
lord chancellor of England, was born at Cultra, Co. Down, Ireland, on the
27th of December 1819. His father, William Cairns, formerly a captain in
the 47th regiment, came of a family[1] of Scottish origin, which migrated
to Ireland in the time of James I. Hugh Cairns was his second son, and was
educated at Belfast academy and at Trinity College, Dublin, graduating with
a senior moderatorship in classics in 1838. In 1844 he was called to the
bar at the Middle Temple, to which he had migrated from Lincoln's Inn.
During his first years at the chancery bar, Cairns showed little promise of
the eloquence which afterwards distinguished him. Never a rapid speaker, he
was then so slow and diffident, that he feared that this defect might
interfere with his legal career. Fortunately he was soon able to rid
himself of the idea that he was only fit for practice as a conveyancer. In
1852 he entered parliament as member for Belfast, and his Inn, on his
becoming a Q.C. in 1856, made him a bencher.

In 1858 Cairns was appointed solicitor-general, and was knighted, and in
May of that year made two of his most brilliant and best-remembered
speeches in the House of Commons. In the first, he defended the action of
Lord Ell