the dog
_aua_ (this he got from his nurse), not only when he sees the
animal, but also when he hears him bark. E. g., the child is
playing busily with pasteboard boxes; the dog begins to bark
outside of the house; the child listens and says _aua_. I roll
his little carriage back and forth; he immediately says _brrr_,
pointing to it with his hand; he wants to ride, and I have to
put him in (he had heard _burra_, as a name for riding, from his
nurse). When he sees a horse, he says _prr_ (this has likewise
been said for him).

I remark here that the notion that the child thinks out its own
language--a notion I have often met with, held by people not
well informed in regard to this matter--rests on defective
observation. The child has part of his language given to him by
others; part is the result of his own sound-imitations--of
animals, e. g.--and part rests on mutilations of our language.
At the beginning of the thirteenth month he suddenly names all
objects and pictures, for some days, _dodo_, _toto_, which takes
the place of his former _oe_; then he calls them _niana_, which
he heard frequently, as it means "nurse" in Russian. Everything
now is called _niana_: _dirr_ continues to be the sign of
extreme discomfort.

_Papba_ is no more said, ever; on the other hand, _mamma_
appears for the first time, but without any significance, still
less with any application to the mother.

The word _niana_ becomes now the expression of desire, whether
of his food or of going to somebody or somewhere. Sometimes,
also, under the same circumstances, he cries _maemmae_ and
_mamma_; the dog is now decidedly called _aua_, the horse _prr_.

_14th Month._--He now names also single objects in his
picture-book: the dog, _aua_, the cats, _tith_ (pronounced as in
English), _kiss kiss_ having been said for him; horses, _prr_,
all birds, _gock_ or _gack_. In the house of a neighbor he
observes at once the picture, although it hangs high up on the
wall, of the emperor driving in a sleigh, and cries _prrr_.
Animals that he does not know he calls, whether in the book or
the real animals, _aua_ or _ua_, e. g. cows.

His nurse, to whom he is much attached, he now calls decidedly
_niania_, although he continues to use this word in another
sense also. If she is absent for some time, he calls, l