ongingly,
_niania_, _niania_. He sometimes calls me _mamma_; but not quite
surely yet. He babbles a good deal to himself; says over all his
words, and makes variations in his repertory, e. g., _niana_,
_kanna_, _danna_; repeats syllables and words, producing also
quite strange and unusual sounds, and accumulations of
consonants, like _mba_, _mpta_. As soon as he wakes in the
morning he takes up these meaningless language-exercises, and I
hear him then going on in an endless babble.

When he does not want a thing, he shakes his head as a sign of
refusal; this no one has taught him. Nodding the head as a sign
of assent or affirmation he is not yet acquainted with, and
learns it much later.

The nurse speaks with me of Caro; the child attends and says
_aua_; he knows what we were talking about. If his grandmother
says, "Give the little hand," he at once stretches it out toward
her. He understands what is said, and begins consciously to
repeat it. His efforts to pronounce the word Grossmama
(grandmamma) are comical; in spite of all his pains, he can not
get beyond the _gr_; says _Gr-mama_, and finally _Goo-mama_, and
makes this utterance every time he sees his grandmother. At this
time he learns also from his nurse the word _koppa_ as a name
for horse, instead of _prr_, _burra_, which, from this time
forth, denotes only going in a carriage. _Koppa_ is probably a
formation from "hoppa koppati," an imitation of the sound of the
hoofs.

At the end of the fourteenth month, his stock of words is much
enlarged. The child plays much in the open air, sees much, and
advances in his development; words and sounds are more and more
suited to conceptions. He wakes in the night and says _appa_,
which means "Give me some drink." The ball he calls _Ball_;
flower, _Bume_ (for Blume); cat, _katz_ and _kotz_ (Katze)--what
_kalla_, _kanna_, _kotta_ signify we do not know. He imitates
the barking of the dog with _auauauau_. He says _teine_ for
Steine (stones); calls Braten (roast meat) _paati_ and _paa_,
and Brod (bread) the same. If he hits against anything in
creeping, he immediately says _ba_ (it hurts). If he comes near
a dangerous object, and some one says to him, _ba_, he is on his
guard at once.

A decided step in advance, at the end of the fourteenth month,
is his calling